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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Index
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
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T. Yoneyama
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
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Masahiko Saigusa, Noriko Kobayashi, Akiko Yamamoto
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
1-7
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Changes of silicon concentration in flooded water were investigated in detail in an enlarged paddy field where rice plants (Oryza saliva L., cv. Hitomebore) were cultivated. The experiment was conducted on Alluvial soil at Furukawa Agricultural Experimental Station located in Miyagi Prefecture during the growing seasons of 2001 and 2002. In 2002 changes of calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphate concentrations were also investigated. The results obtained are as follows. 1) Silicon concentrations in flooded water at the water inlet ranged from 11.8 to 13.0 mg L^<-1> in 2002.However, they decreased gradually with the distance from the water inlet, and at the water outlet were between 0.20 and 5.0mgL^<-1>. A similar tendency was also observed in 2001. The silicon concentrations in flooded water near the water outlet decreased remarkably from the beginning to the end of June. However, the extent of the decrease was fairly recovered in July. 2) On the other hand, both calcium and magnesium concentrations in flooded water increased with the distance from the water inlet. The calcium concentrations ranged from 6.0 to 6.5 mg L^<-1> at the water inlet, and varied from 10.3 to 17.7 mg L^<-1> at a distance of more than 80 m from the water inlet. As for the magnesium concentrations, they ranged from 1.8 to 2.1 mg L^<-1> at the water inlet, and from 3.0 to 5.7 mg L^<-1> at a distance of more than 80 m from the water inlet. 3) Both potassium and phosphate concentrations varied from time to time and showed no obvioustendency. 4) Significant negative correlations were obtained between silicon concentrations in flooded water and calcium and magnesium concentrations (Si-Ca: γ^2=0.923^<***>, Si-Mg: γ^2=0.907^<***>, n=20).
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Keiko Oguchi, Akihiko Inoue, Ryo Akashi, Yuichi Saeki, Yoshitaka Nagat ...
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
9-14
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To clarify the relationship of zinc and auxin on root formation, the effects of zinc and auxin on super-growing root (SR) from the legume bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were investigated for 4 weeks. 1) When SR was treated with zinc, the fresh weight of SR increased with the increase of zinc application from 0 up to 0.09 mmol L^<-1>. It showed a peak at 0.09 mmol L^<-1> and decreased with the increase of zinc application from 0.15 to 0.3 mmol L^<-1>. The zinc concentrations in SR at harvesting time were 32.9, 217, 798, 1060 and 1770 mg kg^<-1> at 0, 0.03, 0.09, 0.15 and 0.3 mmol L^<-1> treatments, respectively. 2) As for SR treated with auxin (2,4-D), 0.01 mmol L^<-1> of 2,4-D showed a slight increase in lateral root formation. However, there was a decrease when 2,4-D application exceeded 0.01 mmol L^<-1> for the length of the primary root and the number of lateral roots and took a turn for callus formation at 0.15 to 0.1 mmol L^<-1>. 3) The increased growth of SR with zinc was caused by the increased the number of lateral roots. It was found that the effect of zinc on SR is similar to that, of auxin. 4) Other metals, such as Ni, Co and Ag, and the counter ion had no effect on the growth of SR. These results indicate that the physiological function of the zinc is not involved in auxin synthesis but in root formation, which was one of auxin physiological functions, in the presence of auxin.
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Koichiro Taira, Natsu Fujita, Tadashi Sorin
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
15-20
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A novel effectual soil diagnosis method for accumulated cation availabilities was examined with a pot experiment. Two kinds of soil with different cation accumulation levels were used for four fertilizing treatments conducted in this experiment: -K, -Ca, -Mg, and without any of them. Komatsuna (Brassica cawipestris L.) was cultivated five times continuously in four replications. Growth and absorption of cations were measured. Exchangeable Ca and Mg concentrations in applied soils were very high, but that of K was relatively lower. As a result, for low potassium level, K application was effective in dry matter weight. Exchangeable K level and Mg/K ratio at the point of K deficiency symptom in first layer and second layer soils were compared. Exchangeable K level was higher in first layer soils than in second layer soils, while the Mg/K ratio was opposite. Because the values are different in each soil, we determined that K concentration and Mg/K ratio were not suitable for diagnostics index indices of K availability. Dry matter weight changes indicated that Mg/K and Ca/Mg ratios in soil solution at seeding were more effective as indices than exchangeable cations. The proper ranges of Ca/Mg and Mg/K ratios in soil solutions were found to be 1.7-2.5 and 30-200, respectively. In this proper range, it is inferred that we can stop dressing a field. Thus the cation ratio in soil solution is considered to be a useful index for a soil diagnosis method in the field.
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Hidetoshi Hidaka, Seiichi Niizuma, Motonari Osawa, Shozo Kubo
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
21-28
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o develop a rapid method for evaluation of available nitrogen in poultry manures, extraction of uric acid into phosphate buffer was studied. 1) We used 11 samples of poultry (caged layer) manures: their total nitrogen, C/N ratio, inorganic nitrogen released after 7 d and after 28 d of incubation with soil at 30℃ were, 22-46 g kg^<-1>, 5.7-11.6, -0.3-16.8 g kg^<-1> and 1-24 g kg^<-1>, respectively. 2) For the determination of uric acid from the manures, we found it satisfactory to extract 0.5 g air-dry sample with 200 mL of phosphate buffer (PB) solution (pH 7.0) at 60℃ for 60 min with occasional shaking. 3) The forms and concentrations of nitrogen in PB extracts were almost similar to those in aqueous extracts. Since ammonia may be lost by volatilization from the aqueous extracts of higher pH, we preferred the PB solution for the extraction. 4) Nitrogen, regardless of the forms, extracted into the PB solution correlated well with the inorganic nitrogen released after the incubation with soil. Uric acid in the extracts was especially high in the incubation, and we think it good to determine it for the evaluation of the nitrogen availability. 5) The differences in absorbance at 260 and 290 nm of the PB solution (after being diluted to 10 times) had significantly high correlations with uric acid contents in the extracts; therefore, we propose the measurement of the ultraviolet absorbance in phosphate buffer extracts as a rapid method for evaluating the available nitrogen in poultry manures.
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Masami Sakaguchi, Yuji Hikasa, Haruhiko Nakazumi
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
29-35
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Green-house tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was grown on summer-autumn harvest culture to examine a diagnostic technique for nitrogen nutrition. 1. Lower leaves were considered to indicate nitrogen nutrition of tomato plant. In lower leaves, petiole sap nitrate concentration was higher than that of higher leaves, and correlated with nitrogen application rates. The leaf petiole just below the first truss was chosen as the best section to sample for diagnosis of nitrogen nutrition. 2. In 2000, fruit yield and nitrogen absorption were higher than those in 1999, and petiole sap nitrate concentration was lower than that in 1999. It was thought nitrate absorbed from roots was assimilated immediately and nitrate accumulation in petiole was reduced. It was further thought that the difference in light conditions between 1999 and 2000 influenced nitrogen absorption and petiole sap nitrate concentration in each year. 3. In each year fruit yield was maximized when petiole sap nitrate concentration was about 6000 mg L^<-1> and decreased when lower than 4000 mg L^<-1>. 4. As petiole sap nitrate concentration increased, nitrogen absorption/application rate decreased and nitrate nitrogen concentration of cultured soil increased. Petiole sap nitrate concentration was considered to indicate nitrogen recovery rate. 5. As the results, the best sampling section was the leaf petiole just below the first truss. To consider fruit yield, nitrogen absorption/application rate and soil nitrate nitrogen concentration, the proper range of petiole sap nitrate concentration was 4000-7000 mg L^<-1>.
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Takashi Satoh, Masaki Takahashi, Haruo Shinke, Tsuyoshi Ono
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
37-44
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A soil survey was performed in the Nishiwaga and Ishidoriya areas, which are principal Gentian production areas located in the central and southern part of Iwate Prefecture. The survey traced changes in soil chemistry from 1988. In addition, the survey investigated the physical features of cut flowers of the early-blooming Gentian variety (Mashirii) grown in the soil survey fields in the Ishidoriya area in order to analyze the relationship between the physical features of cut flowers and soil chemistry and soil hardness. Furthermore, we examined how the use of various liming materials improved productivity at three Gentian fields where the percentage of lime saturation in the soil was less than 40%. The survey revealed the following. 1) After the 1990s, in both areas soil pH and the saturation percentage of lime and magnesium fell significantly, and conversely the saturation percentage of potassium rose. As a result, both the ratio of lime to potassium and the ratio of magnesium to potassium decreased. 2) The lower the lime-saturation percentage, or the lower the ratio of lime to potassium and magnesium in soil, the lighter the fresh weight, and the fewer the number of flower steps of cut flowers. A fall in soil pH and a rise in y_1 also had a negative impact on the quality of cut flowers, but these factors were considered secondary because lack of lime in soil was the key factor in the loss of quality. 3) The fresh weight and the number of flower steps of cut flowers fell in proportion to increasing hardness of the soil layer 30-40 cm below the surface. This suggests that the physical properties of soil also directly influence the physical features of cut flowers. 4) Exacerbated leaf tip burn was associated with a decline in the calcium content of cut flowers and a rise in the ratios of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium to calcium, although this was not directly related to the chemistry and hardness of soil. This suggests that the leaf tip burn is related to the degree of mobility of calcium and other nutrients inside the plant body. 5) In an experiment on productivity improvement, we found the following. Regardless of whether the soil was fertilized with calcium carbonate, magnesium-calcium carbonate, or gypsum, the lime-saturation percentage of topsoil rose. In fact, in the 0-5 cm layer, it reached 40%. This caused the calcium content of cut flowers to rise, and improved the fresh weight, the number of flower steps, and the shipment quality standard.
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Keijiro Suzuki, Hiroyuki Shiga
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
45-52
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Nitrate leaching was studied in an Andisol upland field in Abashiri area in Hokkaido treated with six level of nitrogen input (successive applications of cow compost (0, 20, 40 Mg ha^<-1> year^<-1>) combined with treatments of N fertilization) for the last 3 years in 5 years' treatment (1998-2002). Following the standard crop rotation system in Abashiri area, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were grown. The N0_<3^->N concentrations in percolate collected by pan lysimeter at a 90 cm depth decreased remarkably in the growing period of wheat and sugar beet, which have deep root systems, while the N0_<3^->N concentrations gradually increased in the growing period of potato. Mean annual subsurface percolate flow estimated by crop model during 3 years was 335 mm. The estimated NO_<3^->N loss in percolate averaged 22 kg ha^<-1> year^<-1> with the N input (sum of fertilizer N and mineralized N from compost) 117 kg ha^<-1> year^<-1>, and 62 kg ha^<-1> year^<-1> with the N input 210 kg ha^<-1> year^<-1>. Flow weighted average N0_<3^->N concentrations were related (R^2=0.96) to the N input, and estimated to exceed 10 mg L_<-1> when N input exceeds 150 kg ha^<-1> year^<-1>. According to the fertilizer recommendations given by Hokkaido Prefecture, the average of optimum N application for wheat, sugar beet and potato is around 120 kg ha^<-1> year^<-1>. Therefore, we conclude that N0_<3^->N concentrations in percolate can be maintained at less than 10 mg L^<-1> for the standard crop rotation system in Abashiri area, when N fertilization is based on the recommendations.
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Keiichi Murakami, Hideshi Shinoda, Rie Maruta, Itsuo Goto
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
53-58
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A field experiment was conducted in Mitaka City, Tokyo on the use of converter furnace slag and fungicide treatments to control clubroot disease in broccoli. A field area (8 ares) infected by Plasmodiophora brassicae was divided into amelioration and control plots. The amelioration plot received 100 tons per hectare of converter furnace slag; both plots received 4 fungicide treatments (no treatment, quintozene, fluazinam and flusulfamide). Broccoli seedlings were then transplanted to all plots and cultivated for 3 months. The soil pH (H_20) of the amelioration plot was 5.9 before slag application, 7.5 before broccoli transplantation and 7.9 after harvesting. Clubroot disease incidence in the control plot (no slag, with fungicide) was 90%; very serious damage to the broccoli was recognized. The control plot clearly showed the effects of fungicide use, but disease incidence could not be decreased below 30%. In the amelioration plot, by contrast, disease incidence decreased to 20% in the no-fungicide plot and to 10% in the fungicide-treated plot. The boron content in broccoli leaves from the amelioration plot was about twice that in the control plot, despite a soil pH above 7. There were no differences between amelioration and control plots in terms of broccoli leaf manganese, vitamin-C or reducing sugar content. The above results indicate that converter furnace slag is very effective in controlling clubroot disease, and can help reduce fungicide use on farmland.
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Hiroshi Obara, Makoto Nakai
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
59-67
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Available phosphate is an important indicator of soil fertility. The accumulation of phosphate in cultivated soils had been pointed out before the monitoring survey. On the other hand, discharge of phosphate in crop land soils has been noticed from the view-point of eutrophication of waters. A general monitoring survey of soil properties of arable land was carried out by Ministry of Agriculture and prefectural agricultural experiment stations from 1979 to 1997. In this report, we describe the state of available phosphate and related properties from the monitoring survey data. Available phosphate in the plow layer was clearly increased during the monitoring periods. About the land uses, soils of green house and tea garden showed extremely high contents of available phosphate. Soils of paddy fields and pasture showed lower contents of phosphate and a rather small increase. About the soil groups, Andosols and soil groups that are mainly used for paddy fields show lower contents of available phosphate. The soils that are mainly used for orchard and upland crops showed high contents of phosphate. About the region, the "Seto-naikai" (Inland Sea) region to the central region, where soils derived from coarse textured and acidic rock are widely distributed, showed high contents of phosphate. Changes in the phosphate of surface soils showed a clear increase from the first-round to the third-round survey in most land uses, soil groups and regions. But from the third-round to the fourth-round surveys, some groups, especially in paddy fields, showed a decrease or almost equal level of contents of phosphate.
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Katsuhisa Niwa, Nobutaka Seino, Norimune Akashi, Koji Kikuchi
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
69-78
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In order to understand the detailed distribution of Volcanic Acid Soil, a large-scaled soil map on the middle and high terraces in Memuro Town of Hokkaido was drawn by combining soil survey data and satellite image data (resolution: 20 m). The results are summarized as follows: 1) From a soil survey, soils in the research area were classified into 4 types according to "Classification of Cultivated Soils in Japan, Third Approximation," which were "Humic Haplic Andosols," "High-humic Haplic Andosols," "High-humic Cumulic Andosols" and "High-humic Cumulic Wet Andosols." Besides, High-humic Cumulic Wet Andosols were classified into 2 categories based on the physical condition in the subsoil, which were "Wet Andosols" with volcanic ash subsoil and "Wet Andosols" with a diluvial deposit subsoil. 2) "Wet Andosols" were characterized by low pore space filled with gravitational water and high remaining nitrate after crop harvest. This trend was remarkable in the "Wet Andosols" with diluvial deposit subsoil. 3) "High-humic Haplic Andosols" and "Wet Andosols" with diluvial deposit subsoil showed different distributions. "High-humic Haplic Andosols" were distributed in the area higher than 200 m elevation. On the other hand, "Wet Andosol" with diluvial deposit subsoil was distributed in the area with varying elevation. 4) By using satellite data obtained during the dry period, surface humus contents could be predicted. Accordingly, a large-scaled soil map was drawn based on humus contents map, as well as on the characteristics of humus contents and distribution of each soil type. The obtained map corresponded well to the already existing soil map and also reflected exactly the precise soil distribution in each field .where there is a reflection of micro-topography.
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Masao Sakai, Mayumi Saeki, Atsushi Sakamoto, Shinjiro Kanazawa
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
79-81
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Seiichi Yasui, Kiyoshi Tsutsuki, Norimune Akashi, Yoshiaki Kimura
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
83-86
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Kyoko Higuchi, Masaru Iwabuchi, Masaaki Yoshiba, Toshiaki Tadano
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
87-89
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Wataru Oyanagi, Yoshiaki Ando, Seiichi Mizusawa, Norio Moriyama
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
91-93
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Yasuhide Mochizuki, Toshiaki Miyanaga, Yasuhiro Hirato, Kiyoshi Matsuo
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
95-98
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Shingo Ushio, Naomi Yoshimura, Kenji Saitou, Tetsuo Anzai
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
99-102
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Daiji Asaka, Hiroyuki Shiga
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
103-107
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Toshinari Igarashi, Eiji Goto, Tomoko Nakamori
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
109-114
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Toru Matoh
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
115-116
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Naoki Sakurai
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
117-124
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Kiyoshi Kurosawa, Kazuhiko Egashira
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
125-133
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National Committee for Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Science Counci ...
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
135-140
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Noriaki Gunjikake
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
141-142
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Tadashi Ono
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
143-144
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Masahiko Saigusa
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Masahiko Saigusa
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Article type: Bibliography
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
147-151
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
152-153
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[in Japanese]
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
155-160
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
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2004 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages
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