THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Classroom Seating Behavior and Personal Space

Students' Seating Positions as a Reflection of Distancing from the Teacher

TOSHIAKI KITAGAWA

1998 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 125-135
Published: December 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.38.125

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The purpose of this study is to examine whether students' classroom seating positions can be explained through their concept of personal space. Seating positions of 151 female college students from two classes were observed for ten times in one semester. According to their seating positions, they were classified into four zone groups: front, central, rear and side. In the final class of the semester, students were asked to indicate the most comfortable distance points in a interpersonal distance chart when talking to people of various levels of familiarity. Results reveal that the further foward the seating zone, and the more familiar the figure was, the lower the interpersonal distance score (IPD) was. This study suggests that students' seating positions along the front-rear axis may be a reflection of distancing from the teacher.

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The Effects of Depression and Mood States on Social Comparison Directions

The Procedures of Self-disclosure Statement and Bogus Feedback

KATSURA SAKAMOTO, AKIRA SAKAMOTO

1998 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 136-150
Published: December 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.38.136

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Gibbons (1986) found the effects of people's depressiveness and mood on social comparison directions, and consequently has greatly influenced subsequent research. We conducted two experiments of university students to reexamine these effects and so on. In Experiment 1, his self-disclosure statement procedure was used for mood induction to examine whether his results were replicated or not. Results revealed that depressed subjects made downward comparison more often than non-depressed ones, although the effect of mood was not significant, and partly replicated his results. In Experiment 2, a bogus-feedback procedure was used for the induction. Results revealed that subjects' depressiveness did not affect their social comparison, and subjects in a negative mood made upward comparison more often than those in a positive mood. This was very different from his results. The correlations between downward comparison and positive self-evaluation were sometimes found in the two experiments. Based on these results, the generality and validity of his findings were discussed.

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An Examination of the Relations between Identity Negotiation Process and Well-being

KOJI HASEGAWA, MITSUHIRO URA

1998 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 151-163
Published: December 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.38.151

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This study examined the influence of the identity negotiation process on well-being. The framework of identity negotiation argues that there are two phases of the way to decrease the discrepancy between self-appraisal and other's appraisal about self. The first phase is that self-appraisal is brought closer to other's appraisal. The second phase is that other's appraisal is brought closer to self-appraisal. After all, the framework assumes that the decrement of the discrepancy will lead the person to well-being. In addition to these two phases, we focused on relative level of self-appraisal and other's appraisal which had not been considered enough in previous studies. In study 1, we found that subjects low in relative self-appraisal (SL-Ss) deteriorated well-being through negative verification in which other's appraisal was gone down, but promoted well-being through positive verification in which self-appraisal was gone up. By contraries, as for subjects high in relative self-appraisal (SH-Ss), these connections were notfound. In study 2, we found that SL-Ss had less stable self-appraisal and other's appraisal than SH-Ss. And SL-Ss brought other's appraisal close to their low self-appraisal. Moreover, SL-Ss were not as adaptive as SH-Ss. Finally, we demonstrated that people with negative self-appraisal engaged in the maladjusted social interaction. Mediational function of self process on the relation between interpersonal relationships and well-being was discussed.

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The Influences of Type of Self-knowledge and Stimuli on the Self-reference Effect

TAKASHI HORIUCHI

1998 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 164-171
Published: December 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.38.164

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Using a descriptive task (e. g., “Does this word describe you?”), two experiments were carried out to investigate how self-knowledge and the type of stimuli (adjectives) affect the self-reference effect. In Experiment 1, the degree of centrality of self-knowledge was manipulated. The results showed that the central-area referent condition (in which subjects judged whether words described their character) produced better recall than the semantic condition, but there was no difference in recall between the semantic condition and the marginal-area referent conditions (in which subjects judged whether words described their feet or eyes). In Experiment 2, the self-knowledge descriptiveness and the familiarity of stimuli were manipulated. The results indicated that the self-reference effect occurred only when the stimuli referred to personality traits and were rated high in familiarity. These results suggest that the self-reference effect occurs only when the stimuli refer to personality traits, and when subjects associate those stimuli with a central part of their character.

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An Attempt to Measure Vocational Motivation among Undergraduate Students

TOMOKO ADACHI

1998 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 172-182
Published: December 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.38.172

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The present article focuses on the motivation toward the anticipated vocation and investigation were undertaken with undergraduate students. In this study, vocational motivation was defined as a motivation among people with no job experience toward the occupation or work environment they expect to experience. A survey of 257 liberal arts undergraduates (135 males, 121 females and 1 unknown) was conducted. Factor analysis was applied to the survey responses, and four factors were identified. The four factors are interpreted as follows. “Exploratory motivation”is the motivation to learn about the anticipated vocation by collecting information related to it. “Growth motivation”is the motivation to improve oneself on the job by attempting difficult tasks. “Human motivation”is the motivation to interact with people through the job. “Status motivation”is the motivation to achieve higher social status and reputation. Reliabilities examined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and item-scale coefficient were sufficiently high. Relationships between personal traits, work values and motivation to avoid success were examined. The results, in general, indicate the multi-faced definition of vocational motivation.

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Group Decision Making and Communication Mode

An Experimental Social Psychological Examination of the Differences between the Computer-mediated Communication and the Face-to-face Communication

YASUYUKI KIMURA, TAKASHI TSUZUKI

1998 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 183-192
Published: December 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.38.183

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In this study, the authors examine rapidly spreading CMC (Computer-Mediated Communication) from a social psychological point of view and investigate the differences between CMC and FTF (Face-to-Face) communication modes through an experiment based on the conditions of both modes. Subjects were randomly assigned into three-person groups and then answered a series of choice dilemma problems involving risk decision-making. We defined a concept of“interpersonal pressure”that illustrates the idea of some tensions or psychological burdens brought by others into the communication situation. It was found that the interpersonal pressure decreased significantly in CMC and the authors suggest that the phenomenon of status equalization in CMC can be explained by such a decrease in interpersonal pressure. However, group polarization was also observed in CMC. Comparing CMC with FTF, the subjects in CMC had a tendency to make more risky decisions. Furthermore, a first advocated statement effect was also examined in the study.

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Undergraduates' Coping with Stress, and the Relationships among Stress, Social Support, and Psychological Well-beings

An Examination of Sex Differences

MINORU WADA

1998 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 193-201
Published: December 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.38.193

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The main purpose of this paper was to investigate how undergraduates coped with the stressful events and to confirm sex differences in their copings. Also, examined was whether social support was useful for reducing stress. The participants were 285 undergraduates (114 males and 171 females) in third grade. Eight stressors were used: his/her future, university studies, friends and colleagues, sense of self, leisure, lovers, teachers and classes, and parents and family. Copings consisted of 5 types: active solution, active escape, patience, seeking support, and passive escape. Females were more stressful than males. Females got more social support than males. Passive escape was most selected by both males and females. High stressful person adopted more patience than low stressful person. Low stressful person adopted more passive escape than high stressful person. Low-supported person were lonelier than medium-supported person, and medium-supported person were lonelier than high-supported person. But social support made no effects on illness symptoms. That is, social support has only a limited effect on the stress.

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1998 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 202-204
Published: December 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.38.202

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1998 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 205-214
Published: December 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.38.205

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Community-based Medical Care System Developed by Residents

YEBIN SUN

1998 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 215-225
Published: December 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.38.215

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The aging of Japanese society has been going on so rapidly that the proportion of older population aged 65 or over was doubled from 7% to 14% in just 25 years between 1970 and 1995 and is expected to reach 20% by 2025. The rapid aging demands not only increasing national and local government's budget for medical care and welfare but also developing mutual support system among residents in a community. The present study investigated 50 year history of residents' movement in Nishijin, Kyoto, in Japan in which medical experts and ordinary residents jointly developed‘medicine of the residents, by the residents, for the residents. ’The history was discussed by using the theory of‘objectification of a role’that was proposed by a Japanese philosopher, Wataru Hiromatsu. Based on the theory, the history in Nishijin can teach us that the roles of a physician and a patient that have been objectified like a seller and a buyer of medical care should be once dissolved and reorganized by the residents'movement in which both physicians and ordinary residents are involved as equal partners.

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Action Research by Community Nurses on the Family Caregiving for the Elderly

To Share the Narratives of Caregivers with Community Residents

WAKAKO YOKOYAMA, NAOKO FUJIWARA, MITSUYO NISHIDA, HARUMI KANATSUJI, AK ...

1998 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 226-236
Published: December 20, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: June 04, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.38.226

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The authors, community nurses, collected the narratives of the family caregivers who cared the old family members who were spending their lives mostly in bed. The narratives concerned the events that occurred for the old and the psychological states that the caregiver experienced since he/she became involved in the caregiving. It was found that many family caregivers hesitated to rely on public support service due to the social norm that the old should be cared by family members without depending on public services. The authors held a seminar in which they attempted to share the narratives with participants who were living in the same community as the research subjects to increase the understanding of family caregiving and to change the social norm.

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