The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between salient dimensions employed in interpersonal perception by individual perceivers and some personality variables (self concept and needs). 299 undergraduates were asked to rate 8 role persons on 20 bipolar scales of personality traits. Perceptual dimensions were obtained by the analysis after Carroll & Chang's (1970) INDSCAL model. About a month later, Self-Differential Scale (Nagashima et al., 1966) and KG-SIV (Gordon & Kikuchi, 1975) were administered to the subjects. The former has been used to assess one's self concept, and the latter to examine personal values and needs.
The major findings were as follows:
1. The dimensions extracted from INDSCAL solution of personality rating data were highly similar to those of the previous study (Hayashi, 1979). These dimensions were interpreted as (1) dynamism and general evaluative bias, (2) social desirability, and (3) intimacy.
2. There are some individual differences. Subject's interpersonal cognitive structure, measured by differential weights he or she gave to the dimensions, was stable over 7 weeks.
3. Each individual's salient dimensions were related to his or her self concept in a curvilinear manner. In addition, these dimensions were closely related to perceivers' personal values and needs.
4. Significant sex differences were found in the relationships mentioned above.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the temporal structure of utterance and looking patterns in a face-to-face dialogue, considering its relation with the presence of anxiety discrepancy between dyad speakers.
The subjects are sixty female freshmen in two colleges. Thirty pairs of female students are all grouped into six MAS combinations of high, middle and low anxiety. Subjects, not acquainted previously, are asked to talk about one of the moderate interesting topics in two 24-minute sessions one or two-days apart. Communication data in the first session are chronographically analyzed by some interaction indices.
In this study four verbal activity indices are employed as zero-state temporal sequence -Common Silence, One's Only one Talking, Partner's Only one Talking, and Common Talkingand several indices as one- or two-state temporal sequence.
Four looking activity indices are also employed as zero-state temporal sequence-Neither Looking, One's Only one Looking, Partner's Only one Looking, and Both Looking-and one index as one-state sequence.
Principal factor analysis was applied to these 50 indices. As the result it proves that verbal activity factors are independent of looking activity factors. Main factors in this analysis are the general cooperative activity and the individual activity in each verbal and looking activity. In addition to these factors, the following main factors are obtained: partner's utterance, partner's looking, pausing in conversation, one's utterance after silence, partner's utterance after silence, intensity of silence and partner's duration of utterance.
The structure of verbal activity factors in this analysis is similar to the factors in non-faceto-face conversational research.
There were found differences of the contribution level of general cooperative activity factor in each conversational group. This means that the presence of discrepancy of anxiety levels in two speakers tend to activate the general cooperative verbal activity and reduce the general cooperative looking activity Concerning individual activity, it is shown that the interrelation of utterance is MAS non-discrepant group>MAS discrepant group, but, this relationship is reversed as to individual looking activity level. Therefore, it may safely be said that there exist dual complementary relationships between general cooperative activity and individual activity with regard to two aspects such as talking and looking. While the vocal channel is independent of the visual channel, these communication channels have complicated inter relations with each other under the condition of interactants' relationship.
Among activity factors which separate the anxiety-discrepant dyads from the anxiety nondiscrepant dyads, two factors-pausing in conversation, and cooperative verbal activity factors -are more discriminant than looking activity factors. As to individual activity, the more a speaker talks, the less a partner does for keeping an optimal degree of fluent dyadic conversation.
Furthermore, indices of looking and utterance have slightly positive correlations in speaker-partner dyad.
For interpersonal communication study, we need to take a multichannel approach, not an additive simple view. It is necessary to consider the meaning of interactants' relationship in conversation as an important variable.

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The purpose of this study is to examine experimentally Weiner's attributional model (1972, 1974) on achievement motivation. We intend to investigate how the degree of expectancy, negative affection and performance depend on the change of the causal attribution of faiure.
The level of achievement needs (high or low achievement needs) was combined factorially with both noise condition (suppression or no influence) and trial condition (6 trials) in a 2×2×6 design with repeated measures. The suppression condition was intmduced by saying, “The task performance will be negatively influenced by white noise” prior to its tria1, and the no influence condition was introduced by saying, “The task performance will not be influenced by white noise. ”
While exposed to white noise, fifty-one female under-graduates received six failure trials at digit-symbol substitution tasks in one of the above four conditions. After each trial, they made causal ascriptions for their failure and then evaluated the degree of negative affection and the degree of expectancy for success at the next trial.
The principal findings were as follows;
(a) Subjects low in achievement needs ascribed failure to low ability more than those high in achievement needs.
(b) Subjects high in achievement needs tended to ascribe failure to low effort more than those low in achievement needs.
(c) Subjects in the suppression condition ascribed failure to influence to white noise and bad luck.
(d) The expectancy for success in the high achievement need condition was higher than that in the low achievement need condition.
(e) In the low achievement need-no influence condition, the negative affection was stronger than that in the other conditions.
(f) In the low achievement need-no influence condition, the task performance tended to be poorer than that in the other conditions.
On the whole, the above results supported Weiner's model. But the result on the relation between the ascription of failure to luck of effort and the degree of negative affection was inconsistent with Weiner's model. Several issues on the negative affection were discussed.

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Based on the attitude theory which was developed by Rosenberg (1956) and Fishbein (1963), multi-attribute attitude models have been widely used to consumers' attitudes toward brands. In the process of its application to consumer behavior, various models have been proposed. These models, however, include a number of significant research questions, such as conceptualization, measurement, and analysis.
The purpose of the present study is to test the construct and predictive validity of three linear-compensatory models; namely, Fishbein model, P-type Adequacy-Importance model, and S-type Adequacy-Importance model. Each model is formulated as: A_j=Σⁿ_i=1a_ib_ij. Where, Aj: attitude toward brand j. n: number of attributes. ai: evaluative aspect of attribute i (Fishbein), importance of attribute i (P-type·S-type). bij: strength of belief that brand j possesses attribute i (Fishbein·P-type), satisfaction of brand j with respect to attribute i (S-type). Scaling: bipolar (Fishbein), unipolar (P-type·S-type).
The results are as follows:
In Exp. I, we applied ANOVA paradigm (Bettman et al., 1975a) to investigate the underlying multiplying assumptions, and found that 74.6% of subjects in the Fishbein task satisfied the assumption of the bipolar multiplying. This indicates that the Fishbein model is most valid for the construct. Many heterogeneous combination patterns were found in the P-type model, and also the multiplying assumption of S-type model failed to be supported.
In Exp. II, we have found that the predictive power becomes more prominent in the following order: S-type model>Fishbein model>P-tyrpe model. The a_i component in the Fishbein model significantly increased the predictive power, which remarkably decreased in the P-type model by the cross-sectional analysis. The S-type model showed a high predictive power without multiplying a_i component.
In conclusion, the Fishbein model is most valid at the point of two aspects. We cannot support the application of the P-type model. The conceptual criticism for the S-type model by Cohen et al. (1972) was valid.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate experimentally the effect of leadership behavior in a simulated emergency on followers' behavior in following the leader.
A collectivity was composed of five subjects and a experimenter's confederate. Subjects were 155 male students and 31 collectivities were created.
Subjects and a confederate were isolatedby six booths. A monitor TV was placed in front of the booths. In the TV picture, six differently colored dots were displayed. One dot was assigned to each of the subjects. Subjects were asked to move their own dots by tapping their switches and find out an exit in the picture. They had almost no information about the place of the exit and told that they would receive an electric shock when they would not be able to find the exit within a certain time period. Before the trial the experimenter appointed the confederate as a leader of the collectivity.
Experimental conditions were the following.
1) The leader verbally pointed out to the followers in what direction to move their dots five times during the trial (only-direction condition=OD condition). 2) In addition to OD condition, the leader verbally instructed that they should keep calm immediately after the start of the trial (in early stage emotionally stabilizing condition=EES conditin). 3) In addition to OD condition, the leader verbally instructed that they should keep calm in the middle of the trial (in middle stage emotionally stabilizing condition=MES condition). 4) The leader never instructed during the trial (control condition). The movement of leader's dot was pre-programmed and was the same among 4 conditions.
Dependent variables were 1) the degree of separation between the leader and followers, which was measured by the sum of distances among the leader's and followers' dots in the picture, and 2) the degree of dispersion among 5 followers, which was measured by the sum of distances among five followers' dots and their centroid.
The results were the following.
1) Both the degree of leader-follower separation and the degree of dispersion among followers were the lowest in EES condition, the highest in control condition, and made no differences between OD and MES condition.
2) Post-trial questionnaire revealed that more subjects had recognized emotionally stabilizing instruction in EES condition than in MES condition.

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[in Japanese]

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