Crowd control method at stadiums in emergency evacuation situation such as a fire, bomb threat, and terror is discussed. For its basis, egress and way home crowd behavior in eight stadiums was observed through walking with the crowd and mixed in like a tracer. In some stadiums, the crowd was controlled by closing some exits, temporary fences, and stewards’ guidance to relieve congestion outside the stadium site. In contrast, some stadiums let pedestrians walk freely; however, no accumulation was generated. The latter strategy is desirable for emergency evacuation, and its architectural design consideration and guidance policy are discussed.

The purpose of this research is to clarify the residence selection factors of residents in disaster public housing after the Great East Japan Earthquake in Kamaishi City from the analysis of the questionnaire and interview. The results are following: The reasons for selecting residence differed from house to house: “quick construction and occupancy,” “convenience,” and “presence of relatives or acquaintances.” The frequency of going out was higher in the city center where commercial was rebuilding than in other districts. Community association activities were recognized in houses that had systems to involve most of the residents.

Comprehensive Design System for Estates is a system in which multiple sites are regarded as single one, and various regulations regarding buildings are relaxed. This system has been utilized in the construction of housing complexes, but it has also caused problems in the implementation of revitalization projects, including reconstruction. The purpose of this study is to discuss the utilization of the system in Fukuoka City based on the process of legal development, and to examine the problems that the system has in promoting the renewal of housing estates.

This paper clarify the structure of the distance for two-generation house and distance from each households point of view and Child-households’ life stage transition. We studied by a questionnaire and an interview. We found follow 4 aspects.

1. Distance is structured by Emotional, Living, and Physical distance. Physical distance affects Living distance. Living distance interacts with Emotional distance.

2. Child-households’ emotional distance is bigger than Parent-households’ one.

3. Child-households and Parent-households interact mainly with grandchildren.

4. Emotional and Living distance can be appear in scenes of everyday life. They respect each household and adjust lifestyle for good relationship.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the “MD” of commercial facilities, clarify the basic components and essential functions, and explore the characteristics of the “MD” that promotes “migratory behavior.” An excellent “MD” is completed by organically combining “Primary Customer Attractors,” “Secondary Traffic Attractors,” and “Potential Facilities(PF).”

Primary Customer Attracters attract customers from a wide area to the facility. Secondary Traffic Attracters encourage customers to move around. PF is defined as a facility that customers are expected to visit. The objective is to create maximum pedestrian traffic and shopping opportunities.

This study tries to develop the estimation method of pedestrian OD flow in railway station with applying AI movie processing to measure cross-sectional flow volume and enhanced entropy maximization model which can deal with passenger volume on several routes. Firstly, this paper shows measurement accuracy of cross-sectional flow volume might be enough and measurement error can be in accordance with normal distribution. Secondly, reproductivity of the enhanced entropy maximization model is evaluated by numerical experiments. This study concludes that proposed model possibly estimates OD flow from cross-sectional flow volume data with adequate accuracy trough a day.

The National Hansen’s Disease Sanatoria in Japan are unique in its composition because they needed housing for patients who were isolated from society, a quarantine facility for patients, and a medical facility for their treatment. A sanatorium was like a village where patients of different ages and with various symptoms lived together.

This study examined the process of transition from the "village" for isolated patients to the final abode from the perspective of the formation process of patient housing, and approaches changes in housing supply plan and maintenance plan not only of individual houses but also of the entire facility.

In this study, a questionnaire survey of 309 nursing homes for the elderly and interviews with 10 of them were conducted.

The results are as follows:

1)　The nursing homes for the elderly, which is supposed to support independent living in the community, are actually functioning as facilities for transitioning to welfare facilities or as final residences.

2)　Building plans must be able to accommodate both residents with complex difficulties and those who are elderly and require heavy nursing care. Examples of such plans include all private rooms, wide corridors, and mechanical baths.

This paper, firstly, examined the contents of 39 cities’ current public library strategic plans in the United States and, secondarily, clarified the features of building renewals specifically in line with local authority’s strategic goals through the case study of Boston Public Library (BPL). It mainly turns out the followings: firstly, BPL efforts to serve more spaces for users, particularly teenagers and children, rather than book collection; secondarily, BPL renews not only physical spaces but also library’s programs collaborating with local people; thirdly, BPL actively utilizes existing buildings in addition to new construction, depending on the sustainability of public resources.

This study records the facts of the construction of temporary welfare housing built after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. It also aims to clarify the reality of the situation and present findings. It was confirmed that 12 housing units were built in Iwate with 140 houses, 36 houses with 290 houses in Miyagi and 18 houses with 170 houses in Fukushima. It is clarified the findings in the layout planning, floor plan and safety measures for the construction of temporary housing for welfare.

The purpose of this study is to analyze household-type change and moving.

1. The average household-type change rate is 15.6%, but there is a big difference in age groups. Also, it continues in old age groups at a high rate. Factors influencing the household-type change rate are the formation and growth of households, empty nesting, aging alone, single-parenting, and disappearance.

2. The average moving rate is 18.8%, also there are significant differences in age groups. Moving occurs frequently in old age groups.

The strong relationship is confirmed in young age groups through a chi-square test on household-type change and moving.

This paper revealed the characteristics of the development of the building system of Japanese wooden houses from 1966 to 1976, from the survey of 416 evaluation records of wooden house structures by the Building Center of Japan. The results are as follows. First, the building system diversified around 1970 such as platform construction or log construction, in addition, some wooden panel building systems were mass-produced. Second, many building systems can be regarded as a rationalization of the conventional wooden building system, as the parts around the panels remained as posts and beams.

Methods of this study is to analyze factors by structural equation modeling based on a questionnaire survey for users of the hall and library complexes. As results, these following points were clarified. Firstly, mutual use was improved when the users recognized the whole facility. Next, symbolism improved the recognition of the whole facility. Lastly, the coziness of the facility reduced the recognition of the whole facility. Based on the above findings, it is necessary to prepare mechanism to raise the recognition of the symbolism and the whole image of the facility, promote mutual use, and spend time in fluid location.

The Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011 forced its survivors to make various living environmental changes. Those changes made it difficult to maintain families and communities, and led to household changes. This study aimed to clarify household changes among people who moved to Futago, a new community constructed within Ishinomaki, a city in Miyagi Prefecture and to gain insight of Housing complex plan and creating comfortable living enviromental. Families that underwent household changes rated their lives highly following relocation; they confirmed that they had many social exchanges with people they met after the disaster.

The following three points were identified as the impact of community revitalization support on the workers themselves.

1. 80% of the community revitalization supporters continue to live in his assigned area after retiring from their jobs after being involved in community revitalization support.

2. 90% of community revitalization supporters have changed professions after their involvement in community recovery as a professional, and have diversified into a variety of occupations.

3. 80% of the community revitalization supporters continue to be involved with their assigned regions even after quit the job, and the contents of their involvement are diversified.

In Leju village, from 1970s the villagers moved out of their traditional village and built new residences not far from the traditional village. We investigated 39 houses which were built from 1972 to 2021. According to the survey, we clarified that the villagers made the traditional space of central space in the new houses before 2010, 60% of these houses have family altar, but the usage of the traditional space were not retained. After 2010, the new style houses were built which have porch and large living room, with the characteristic of large vitreous facades and window.

In this study, the following points were clarified about the Makishi Asato urban renewal.

The project was success by transiting from the high FAR type to appropriate building-usage and volume.

By interviews with landowners, it was pointed out that the management cost after the completion of the project and the high property tax are more important than the change in the plan.

The redevelopment building is usually planned as one building, even if the actual building is separated, it was constructed as high grade that matches the property value of financial floors. It acted as regressive burden on the landowners.

How temporary urban interventions have been used as a medium for freedom and control against the background of drastically changed public spaces during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was inspected. On-site investigation, participant interview and mapping were employed in case studies to scrutinise the most representative projects after the selection and categorisation of the urban intervention cases. The results and analysis reveal the consideration and relationship between the changes in spatial arrangement and administrative control in public spaces, and thus provide a reference for citizens and policymakers to create high-quality post-COVID public spaces.

This study suggests how to make an urban space is important for the establishment of identity and the character of the city. The large-scale land of the university campus has a unique open space from the history and geographical conditions.

The conclusion of analysis on composition of open space by field works, and it confirmed by performing a space recognition experiment about the space consciousness is as follows:

The university campus has typing of space composition which is different from a general city.

Space frame of the university campus is made up of various symbolize spaces and space units.

This study aims to provide an overview of how comprehensive design system has been used in three wards in central Tokyo. In the first half of the paper, we describe the evolution of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government’s rules on permission in reference to the comprehensive design system and each ward’s housing policies. In the second half, to analyze the impact of each policy described in the first half, we describe changes in the use, the number of households, and relaxed rules in each period of the comprehensive design system. The analysis reveals the particular trend and challenges in each area.

This research aims to clarify the related structure of regional characteristics and the distribution of medical and long-term care resources in secondary medical areas throughout Japan. Structural equation modeling was applied to variables concerning regional characteristics, the number of hospital beds, and the capacity of long-term care insurance facilities. The results suggest that urbanity and depopulation as latent factors of regional characteristics are indirectly related to the distribution of medical and long-term care resources through the concentricity of the elderly which is higher in the suburb. This may lead to the need for relaxation of zoning regulation on related facilities.

Using a linear mixed model and geographically weighted regression, we analyzed changes in the relationship between regional population change and land use or accessibility indicators under the COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed that population concentration in the city center was eased in 2020 and 2021, and that migration and settlement in existing residential areas increased temporarily, especially in 2020. In addition, the closer the area was to the nearest station, the more the population still increased, and access to commodity shopping facilities became less attractive.

To deeply understand walkable environments, this study analyzed associations between residents' daily step counts and their living environments. The primary characteristic of this study is the analysis incorporating travel behavior in addition to neighborhood built environment. Specifically, we developed and compared three multi-level regression models: 1) neighborhood environment model; 2) travel behavior model; 3) model that integrated both elements. As a result, the integrated model estimated residents' step counts more precisely, implying the other models might overestimate direct associations of the two elements. We also found the amount of model improvement varied depending on the group of age and gender.

In the many construction marketplaces in Japan, number of participants per bid has gradually decreased over the long term. Especially in the Tokyo metropolitan area, the number of single-bids has gradually increased. And that exposed some competition policy issues. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government had tried to cancel some single-bids in one-year period start from June 2017, but it had been abandoned due to the industry’s opposition and interference of public works projects by that measure etc. Large number of bid result data for building works over 20 years mainly for public building works in the Kanto region were analyzed.

Long working hours for construction management engineers are a problem in the Japanese construction industry. Therefore, measures to reduce engineers' working hours and production process improvements such as front-loading are being considered. However, rapid changes must avoid damaging the important functions of the conventional production system. In particular, any negative impact on quality assurance must be avoided. In this study, the relationship between construction management and quality assurance is summarized, and influence of production process improvement is verified on the man-hours of construction management work and quality assurance, and issues are clarified.

By considering the five circular type school buildings by architects different from Kanao Sakamoto, we obtained three findings regarding the diversity of the forms of circular type school building.

1. In circular type school building by each architect different from Kanao Sakamoto, one tendency was to try to improve its function.

2. Another tendency was to develop its formability in an applied manner.

3. Circular type school building was often adopted because of its symbolism, and the advantages of circular type school building claimed by Kanao Sakamoto were not given the highest priority.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of architectural drawing “A FRUIT PARLOR” by Michizo Tachihara. The conclusions are as follows.

1. The submission date of “A FRUIT PARLOR” had to be December 6, 1935, not the end of October or November 1936.

2. “A FRUIT PARLOR” shows a strong connection between his literature and architecture.

3. We indicate the possibility that “A FRUIT PARLOR” is designed as an alternative to “Mansada”.

4. “A FRUIT PARLOR” is a work expressing his own architectural view in which architecture is considered as a part of the scenery.

This article considers the domestic consumption of sheet glass for construction from the Meiji era to the prewar period. The following points will be clarified.

Looking at trends in building sheet glass consumption since the Meiji era, the average annual increase in quantity in each year from 1868 to 1912 was 13,000 boxes. On the other hand, from 1919 to 1937, the average annual number of boxes increased to 205,000.

Using housing books during Pre-war, we clarified the changes in floor plan in terms of the shape and layout of staircases. When the 2nd floor use changed in the mid-Taisho period, the staircase layout in the floor plan showed an immediate response in the drawings, however a slower response in the descriptions, which were written only appeared after 1931. Many of the staircase descriptions focused on recommending turned staircases in order to correct the steep stair slope in conventional housing, which were dangerous and inconvenient, thus this delayed the formation of discourse on the staircase layout.

This article considered the value of window glass for construction in modern Japan. The following points have been clarified.

Until 1887, the value of modern building window glass is only estimated from the import price, but the value can be known continuously. Traditionally, the spread of building window glass in modern Japan has been attributed to the reduction in the price of building window glass, but the reduction in the price of building window glass has not been uniquely linked to the spread of building window glass.

The subject of this study is about "catalyst" in Yoshiro Taniguchi's description. In this study, the six catalytic mechanisms were interpreted as effect of thought, spiritual effect, effect of imagination, purification effect, mental effect, and effect of remembrance. The mechanism of "catalyst" was accepted into his own creative activities, and from the examples of "catalyst" he practiced, it was actively deployed when he composed the ceremonies of funeral halls and designed tombstones and literary monuments. As an architect, Taniguchi's idea of "catalyst" can be considered as an act of the creator that is deeply relevant and gives a psychic change.

In this paper, the commercial housing buildings based on Disaster Prevention Building Blocks Construction Act since 1961 in Japan are typologically analyzed in external composition and the transition of their several types is found.

Firstly, all target buildings are classified into several types by volume composition, building height, elevation composition.

Secondly, each type’s trend in construction age is analyzed.

Finally, from these results, the relationship and the transition of the types are shown.

This research helps to clarify one of the processes in how various urban building types were established in the post-war period of Japan.

The purpose of this study is to capture the spatial representation and techniques of modern Chinese commercial housing by investigating the development of modern Chinese commercial housing and the sales center, a special architectural space type born under the unique cultural and social background. Based on the investigation and classification of the exterior space composition characteristics of the sales center, such as spatial layout, boundary space and approach, 11 exterior space composition types and diversified spatial character characteristics are obtained, and the spatial representation technique characteristics of modern commercial housing and urban mainstream residential space in China are clarified.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the transition in architects' thinking in the design of PC architecture through chronological analyses. Based on the review of PC design theories, architects' intentions and PC parts used in architecture are identified, tabulated, and analyzed chronologically in three ways: Firstly, architects' intentions are classified into various types and their transition is analyzed chronologically; secondly, PC parts are grouped into several architectural elements and their transition is analyzed chronologically; and thirdly, the analysis of the relationship between the intentions and PC parts is analyzed chronologically.

This study aims to identify the characteristics and methods of land acquisition by foreigners in zakkyochi (mixed residential areas) in Kobe during the Meiji era. It focuses on the district−a well-known residential area for foreigners where ijinkan (historical Western-style residences) still stands till day. Foreigners in zakkyochi were only given the right to lease land from Japanese. Nonetheless, some foreigners, such as E.H.Hunter, expanded the area available to them by using the names of Japanese relatives. The land used by them was concentrated in hilly areas with good views and were not used as graveyards or villages.

This study examined the impact of “Plan for Osaka, 1899” by Hanroku Yamaguchi on the urbanization of the Osaka port reclaimed area.

1. We confirmed certain influences of the design standards shown in Yamaguchi’s “Explanation” on the development plan of the reclaimed area, especially on the house numbering and size adjusting methods of town blocks and plots.

2. Yamaguchi’s standards for ‘backstreet and alleys’ have also affected the urbanization process. Such standards prepared to adapt to specific conditions and variations worked in practice.

3. The “Plan for Osaka, 1899” had an impact on actual urbanization with detailed design.

In the temple town of Ise-Yamada, in the early modern period, many temples owned land in addition to the onshi (low-ranking priest). Every temple had a manager or managers comprising the onshi, with the town community and the temple receiving the surplus of the temple’s profit. It can be said that the manager, like an onshi, managed the land indirectly.

The present paper analyzes the spatial composition of Nea Moni, focusing on the theme and layout of the paintings. The naos and bema, esonarthex establish a three-dimensional Byzantine religious space to represent “Ascension” and “Parousia.” In the naos the paintings of Dodecaorton are set close to prayers to compare images of Christ and the emperor in the liturgies. “Incarnation” is emphasized in the esonarthex. The naos, bema, and esonarthex are connected to the Christian paintings. A holy space was devised with the layout of the paintings that glorify “Imperial victory” in the naos and represent “Incarnation” in the esonarthex.