Most industrial innovations in the past have been achieved by product-oriented research which brings forth a new product having new advanced intelligent functions. On the contrary, the pulp and paper industry is quite a matured one. There is almost no need to add to, and probably no way to alter, the valuable functions already in existence. Therefore, research and development within the pulp and paper industry unavoidably tends to be process oriented.
The basic differences between product-oriented research and process-oriented research were discussed. It was emphasized that top management policy and that of research and development must be in accord regarding the life cycle of the sales of goods and the understanding of differences between product-oriented and process-oriented research in relation to expected results.

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Management, costing, funding and coordination of research and development activities in Japanese pulp and paper industry are reviewed. R and D in Japanese pulp and paper industry are characterized by two main concerns : shortage of raw materials and demand of high quality products. Considerable effort has been paid to modify available manufacturing processes and machinaries to accommodate the use of various fibre resources. Paper makers are also impelled to carry out R and D in order to satisfy strict requirements of quality, price and service by the Japanese market. Technical challenges of Japanese pulp and paper industry in the decade to come are numerous and hard to find a solution. Joint effort by the industry, academic circles and government will be the key to strengthen R and D in future.

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The Technical Committee established in Japan Paper Association in 1980, in order to strengthen the technical base of the pulp and paper industry in Japan taking account of “the Vision of the industry in 1980s” prepared and reported in 1981, stated clearly the course to be taken by technical development and innovation and the direction of the study of themes common to all the sectors of the industry.
The committee brought forward 9 themes to be tackled immediately in accordance with the said policy and selected the next ones among them as calling for active promotion of technical R & D of the industry itself and set up Technical Study parts on September 10, 1982, accordingly.
1. Technology of direct causticization and that of heightening efficiency of recovery boiler.
2. Technology of high density paper-making and that of improving dry paper-making method.
The study party were joined by 18 pulp and paper producers and 8 machinery manufacturers, 26 companies in all, and intends to attain ultimate objectives of respective themes during 5 years from 1982 to 1986.

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Hokuetsu Ichikawa Mill started in 1920 and is located at the center of Ichikawa City, Chiba prefecture.
Now, the Mill has four machines (two printing paper machines ; capacity is 83 t/d, and two white coated board machines ; capacity is 320 t/d).
Mill site area is 53, 000 m² and buillding area is 25, 000 m² and employees are about 230.

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Study on alkaline papermaking has been carried out in Japan and some paper mills have already adopted the process. This paper describes several examples of alkaline papermaking in Europe and USA for guidance to apply the process in Japan.
In alkaline papermaking, Western countries have several different operating conditions as follows.
1. Calcium carbonate used in Europe and USA is produced from chalk, which is relatively soft and inexpensive, Accordingly, it does not abrade a plastic wire of a paper machine.
2. Water is weak alkali in many Western mills.
3. In Japan, we use calcium carbonate, especially ground calcium carbonate for alkaline paper making. They are produced from hard lime stone, causing abrasion of a plastic wrire of a paper machine.
Althogh, there are different operating conditions between Japan and Western mills as mentioned above, I hope that data and technical trend of Western mills in this paper will be a help to apply in Japan.

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In our study solid urethane resin was used as binder of stone powder. We studied this artificial stone roll which is combined solid urethane resin, silica sand and feldspar.
The main results obtained are as follows :
(1) Linkage between binder and stone powder is excellent because it is chemical linkage.
(2) Surface-chemical property of roll surface can be changed freely by combining oleophilic urethane resin, hydrophilic feldspar and silice which gets wet in water and oil.
(3) Release property from paper of top press rolls depends on surface-chemical property of roll surface. The best artificial stone roll of release property from paper was made for wood free paper.
(4) According to a series of experiments, we show the new theory about release property from paper.
The new theory is as follows :
The top press roll must not adhere to piling scum and release property of the roll must be excellent.
Granite can satisfy these requirements.
People say that the reason of good release property on granite is based on pinholes of granite.
We deny this theory.
The reasons are as follows :
(1) We observed the surface of granite with a electron microscope. There were a few pinholes on the granite.
(2) Binder has good release property but has not pinholes.
(3) Traditional artificial stone has many pinholes but release property of it is not good. As it cannot resolve pitch trouble, it cannot be used in newspaper machine because stock of newspaper contains pitch.
We think about the reason of good release property on granite as follows :
Pulp stocks contain not only cellulose but also resin as materials and additives. In other words, stocks contain hydrophilic materials and oleophilic materials.
Oleophilic material has good release property against hydrophilic material, and hydrophilic material has good release property against oleophilic material.
Granite consists of mica, silica and feldspar mainly.
Mica is oleophilic material. Silica gets wet in water and oil. Feldspar is hydrophilic material. In other words, granite is the natural composite material. Good hydrophilic and oleophilic balance of granite shows good release property for paper which contains hydrophilic material and oleophilic material.
According to above understanding, we think that there would be the best combination of fillers for each paper.
For example, in the case of wood free paper which contains little pitch, it is good to use oleophilic particles and in the case of newspaper which contains much pitch, it is good to use oleophilic particles mixed with hydrophilic particles.

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Major components in spent chlorination liquor of kraft pulp are consisted of the aliphatic acids : oxalic acid, dichloromaleic acid, chloromaleic acid, chlorofumaric acid, etc. Most of them are originated from lignin in pulp. The behavior of their acids during flocculation, activated sludge and adsorbent processes was investigated.
The results are as follows :
1) The removal of aliphatic acids by flocculation (Al₂(SO₄)₃) was over the range from 0 to 80%. These depend upon the stability of a chelate complex formed by an aliphatic acid and aluminum sulphate as a flocculant.
2) By the use of activated sludge, aliphatic acids were biologically degraded through TCA cycle except dichloromaleic acid, trichloroacetic acid and oxalic acid. In an activated sludge process, dichloromaleic acid and trichloroacetic acid were not removed from solution, but oxalic acid was removed to the extent of 50%. The removal of oxalic acid may be due to the flocculation of activated sludge.
3) Low molecular weight organic acids as chloro-aliphatic acids were hardly removed from solution by adsorbents.

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This 7-th report is concerned with assessing several waste paper storing strategies by using a mathematical model developed in the 5-th report of this series. After summarizing the model structure in which the dynamic aspects of waste paper merket are expressed, we consider feed-back and feedforword control policies to maintain waste paper price at a appropriate level and carry out dynamic simulations in order to assess these waste paper storing policies quantatively. As a result, we conclude that any storing policy has no hope of success in stabilizing waste paper price.

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Shikishima Canvas Co., Ltd. was established in 1897, and started its production as the first duck manufacturing company in Japan.
Moreover, in 1908, it produced the first Dryer Canvas in our country, and since then it has paticularly kept pace with the great strides and technical innovation in the paper-making industry.
Shikishima Canvas is the largest and most unique manufacturer of textiles for industrial materials, such as Dryer Canvas, Corrugating Belt and Filter Cloth in Japan.
Presently, it has one head office in Osaka, one branch office in Tokyo and three mills in Suzuka, Ohmi-Hachiman and Kusatsu. The employees are about 600.

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