Citizen's preference of residential site choice was examined and analyzed to reflect such preference in changing the urban form toward the realization of the sustainable society. Diversity and characteristics of preference were examined by questionnaire survey for the residents who have moved within the last 10 years in Usutunomiya City. Three major factors of residential condition were determined based on the factor analysis of the importance recognition of 26 characteristics of residential condition in the decision of moving. The residents were classified into 6 groups by using cluster analysis of the factor score. Moving behavior and characteristic of each group were analyzed. The relative importance of 7 residential characteristics were analyzed by a choice experiment and compared among 6 groups of the resident.

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 In this paper, we consider establishment of recycling system under the result of questionary investigation about 10 items of used compact appliances. On gender basis, they have different comprehension about compact appliances recycling system, but make out the importance of it. By age bracket, young people have positive attitudes toward recycling, and great difference of burden charges for compact appliances disposal was seen; they are 1,522 yen in old generations, 1,531 yen in middle age generations, and 560 yen in young generations. This indicates that the recovery in their own backyard with the respect of age compositions at the area is needed for establishment of compact appliances recycling system.

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 Iida City in Nagano Prefecture is a town with an advanced environmental strategy including citizenry participation in the town's environment plan, a network of EMS (Environmental Management system) businesses, and a citizens' solar power system. In this study, a questionnaire of Iida residents was carried out to determine their environmental consciousness, and the effect on their actions. It also examined the influence of current environmental measures on the residents, and the relation between the level of social capital and residents' environmental considerations. The results indicate that the environmental consideration level of the senior citizen group is higher than that of the entire Japan in Iida City, and environmental measures has improved the residents' environmental consciousness. And it is thought the environmental consideration level of the senior citizen group is related to the level of social capital.

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 This study aimed to demonstrate recent invasion status and low-flow resistance of two exotic invertebrates, Pyasa acuta and Crangonyx floridanus, in Shigenobu River, Ehime, Japan. Six years of longitudinal survey revealed that density of these two invasive species were high in the middle and lower segments of the mainstem, in which stream habitats were degraded. Furthermore, the distribution of Crangonyx floridanus appeared to expand toward upstream along the river. A short-term survey during a descending flow showed that Crangonyx floridanus decreased along with other major invertebrate taxa. In contrast, relative abundance of Pyasa acuta increased as flow decreased, indicating that this invasive species has relatively high resistance to low flow. Thus, low flow was suggested to facilitate the invasion of Pyasa acuta.

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 The amount of algal organic load in the stream assumed with length of 1.5 km, width of 20 m, and slope of 1/300 on the study site (Nagata) in the Tama River, was simulated by using expressions of change in algal biomass during biofilm development, and the correlation between the percent tearing-off of algal community and their biomass. It was conducted under three conditions of stone size distribution (stable area: 100%, 0%, 72% in Nagata) and several conditions flood frequency. When flood frequency is low and/or when the stability of streambed is high, the amount of algal organic load for down reach in the stream is estimated significantly high.

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 Toward the sustainable landuse in the Toki-Shonai River Basin, evaluation system for grasping the characteristics of biodiversity in the river basin, linking among the different spatial scales of landscape, ecosystem and habitat, is constructed in this paper. Biodiversity zoning in the river basin was proposed by balancing the spatial relationship between potential species diversity and the potential habitat of indigenous species (Nepa hoffmanni) with the classification of the environment compositions in minimum catchment areas. It was clarified that the distribution of gravel layer with older stratums in Satoyama area affects the spatial coexistence and gaps between the indigenity of the ecosystem and its species diversity. As the application to the spatial planning, environmental zoning and its guideline for the conservation and the restoration of indigenous habitats, including the strategic mitigation of the influences from developments by using SI/HSI models, are considered as the practical methodology for the biodiversity management in the whole river basin.

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 Spiraea thunbergii Sieb. grows naturally in rocky areas along rivers. This species is listed as 'vulnerable' or 'near threatened' in some regional red data books for Japan. To examine the effects of flooding on the flowering of S. thunbergii, we investigated the flowering of S. thunbergii between 2008 and 2010 in areas that were flooded by the ninth typhoon in 2007.
 We examined the presence or absence of flowers; plant length; the numbers of flowers, old stems, and new sprouts; and relative elevation of 175 individuals in four populations along the Tama River every April. We created classification and regression trees to examine the parameters related to changes in the presence or absence of flowers. The proportion of individuals that bloomed decreased from 2008 to 2009 in south-facing populations on the left bank, but increased from 2008 to 2010 in north-facing populations on the right bank. In north-facing populations on the right bank, many individuals produced more flowers each year. Parameters that affected the change in the presence or absence of flowers from 2008 to 2009 were the number of old stems in 2009, length in 2009, direction of slope, and number of old stems in 2008. Parameters that affected the change from 2009 to 2010 were the number of old stems in 2009, length in 2009, and number of new sprouts in 2008. In this study, the change in the flowering of S. thunbergii differed between north- and south-facing populations. The main parameter that affected the change in flowering was the number of old stems. We found more new sprouts in 2008 compared to in 2009 and 2010. These results suggest that flooding affected the flowering and regeneration of S. thunbergii.

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 Most of rice straw produced as a byproduct is not or low utilized in Japan. However, it may be available for the production of bio-ethanol without threatening food supply because of its characteristics as one of the lignocellulosic materials. Though it has already been revealed in previous studies that bio-ethanol made from rice straw can contribute to reducing energy consumption and repressing greenhouse gas emissions, effects on ecosystem due to land occupation for rice straw production and ethanol refinery plant have not been evaluated. Thus, environmental impacts of bio-ethanol made from rice straw including effects on ecosystem caused by land occupation were evaluated in this study.
 Some differences among three representative assessment methods could be found in results of the effect on ecosystem due to land occupation for rice straw production and ethanol refinery plant. However, it is common among all assessment methods that the effect on ecosystem caused by land occupation dominates large part of total environmental impact of ethanol made from rice straw (72-83% of total impact). Bio-ethanol made from rice straw showed larger environmental impact compared to that of gasoline due to land occupation. The improvement of the operating rate and the productivity of ethanol refinery plants is especially necessary for repressing the environm ental impacts related to bio-ethanol production made from rice straw.

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 It is needed to evaluate ecosystem services in order to make appropriate decision for ecosystem management. In this background the purpose of this study is to analyze structural processes of human enjoying culture-related ecosystem services. As a database including processes of enjoying cultural ecosystem services, "one hundred waka poems" was selected and coded from the context of symbiotic systems conce pts. To the dataset SOM (self organizational map) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering method, which were kinds of data mining method, were conducted. As the result, seven structures as design knowledge of cultural ecosystem services generation and in take, and for detail, (1) cultural ecosystem services are based on the visual contact to environmental objects, (2) there is a possibility of interaction between ecosystems, climate conditions, weather phenomena and activity modes of human system under the process of generating and taking cultural ecosystem services, and (3) it is possible that not only the presence of ecosystem but also products made of natural resources generate cultural ecosystem services.

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 Recently, it is critical to manage deteriorating sewerage and road facilities efficiently and strategically. Since the sewerage pipes are mostly installed under road pavement, the works for the replacement of the sewerage pipes are partially common to the works for the road. This means that the replacement cost can be saved by coordinating the timing of the replacements by sewerage pipe and road pavement.
 The purpose of the study is to develop the model based on Markov decision process to derive the optimal group maintenance policy so as to minimize lifecycle cost. Then the model is applied to case study area and demonstrated to estimate the lifecycle cost using statistical data such as pipe replacement cost, road pavement rehabilitation cost, and state of deterioration of pipes and road pavement.

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 In Japan, sanitation coverage is exceeded 70% and sanitary conditions have improved. However in the future, these facilities need to be rebuilt. For that, much money will be needed. On the other hand, prolonged population decrease is predicted in Japan, so it is feared that unsound management caused by the declining of sewerage charge. In this study, costs required for the future were calculated by targeting Asahikawa, Hokkaido Prefecture which is already served by sewerage treatment system. As a result, it was found that maintaining of current sewage treatment system would be cheaper than introduction of novel individual treatment system in Asahikawa. In addition, it was turned out that cost reduction is possible in the case of rebuilding sewage pipe efficiently than maintaining the status quo.

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 Social infrastructures are aging and population is decreasing in Japan. The aged social infrastructures should be renewed. At the same time, they are required to be moved into new framework suitable for population decreased societies. Furthermore, they have to continue to supply sufficient services even during transition term that renewal projects are carried out. Authors propose sustainable soft landing management of infrastructures and it is tried to apply to water supply pipe replacement in this study. Methodology to replace aged pipes not only aiming for the new water supply network which suits for population decreased condition but also ensuring supply service and feasibility while the project is carried out was developed. It is applied for a model water supply network and discussions were carried out.

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 The purpose of this study is to propose an economical and steady planning model of long-term replacement project on water distribution system to co nsider uncertainty of water demand in future. For economical efficiency as the first objective, the model deals with minimization of expected value of total cost in a planning period. Assuming that uncertainty of future water demand appears as width of estimated cost variation, the second objective is minimization of total cost width. Two LP (Linear Programming) models are defined for the first and the second objectives respectively. Successively, we propose a Fuzzy LP model with two objectives combining each characteristic of the two models. Case study demonstrates that the proposed model has advantage achieving balance of these two objectives well over the two models, and usefulness of the proposed one is confirmed. Furthermore, through comparison of produced plans by the three models, meanings of both economic efficiency and steadiness in the pipeline replacement planning are considered.

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 The purpose of this study is to define one apartment complex as "the water supply block" and to show the relationship between the amount of water supply for an apartment house and its time series fluctuation. We examined the observation data which were collected from 33 apartment houses. The water meters were installed at individual observation points for about 20 days in Tokyo. This study used Fourier analysis in order to grasp the irregularity in a time series data. As a result, this paper demonstrated that the smaller the amount of water supply became, the larger irregularity the time series fluctuation had. We also found that it was difficult to describe the daily cyclical pattern for a small apartment house using the dominant periodic components which were obtained from a Fourier spectrum. Our research give useful information about the design for a directional water supply system, as to making estimates of the hourly fluctuation and the maximum daily water demand.

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 I studied possibility of reducing domestic water shortage during drought by popularization of water saving appliances. Dometic water demand can be reduced by 30% by popularization of water saving appliances. If domestic water demand is reduced by 25%, domestic water don't run short in case of drought equal to drought in 1994. If water demand is reduced by 15%, shortage of domestic water is allowable. If subsidy policy is adopted to reduce water demand by 15% within 10 years, every residents must pay 200 yen every month for operating fund.

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 In this study, the general corrosion of water distribution pipes which shows the spread of outside cor rosion was analyzed using the field survey data which was collected by Tokyo Waterworks Bureau. At first, the factor relevance structure map was constructed using correlation analysis. Installation period and polyethylene sleeve were important factors for general corrosion. In addition, correlation between the survey data about soil environment such as pH and general corrosion was confirmed.
 Secondly, the diagnostic model for understanding general corrosion without digging out was constructed using quantification theory. As the result, the diagnostication of general corrosion was made possible by the survey data about installation period and polyethylene sleeve.
 Finally, using regression analysis, the transition over time of general corrosion was compared according to the condition of polyethylene sleeve and soil environment. Additionally, the uncertainness of general corrosion in future was grasped by extended prediction.

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 This study deals with a priority of pipeline for a basis of rehabilitation planning, and proposes a method to quantify water supply shortage in accident, considering structural characteristics of the pipeline network. Impact of accidents that occurred in a pipe is assumed to be primarily limited to an area enclosed by neighboring valves. Then secondary impact to downstream is defined by a location of the area in the pipeline network structure. Therefore this paper defines a graph with nodes as an area enclosed by valves and called consumer units, and with links as connection of nodes. Pipeline accident sphere of influence can be represented by graph structure of relevant consumer units. This paper shows the way of systematic procedure for network-based evaluation using GIS (G eographic Information System). Finally, case study compares hydraulic analysis and network-based evaluation, and illustrates consistent results and usefulness of this approach.

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 Kuhn-Tucker model, which has studied in recent years, is a benefit valuation technique using the revealed-preference data, and the feature is to treatvarious patterns of corner solutions flexibly. It is widely known for the benefit calculation using the revealed-preference data that a value of a benefit changes depending on a functional form. However, there are little studies which examine relationship between utility functions and values of benefits in Kuhn-Tucker model. The purpose of this study is to analysis an influence of the functional form to the value of a benefit. Six types of utility functions are employed for benefit calculations. The data of the recreational activity of 26 beaches of Miyagi Prefecture were employed. Calculation results indicated that Phaneuf and Siderelis (2003) and Whitehead et al.(2010)'s functional forms are useful for benefit calculations.

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 Farm villages in rural area have declined seriously, and value of puclic functions is afraid of decreasing which possess the farm villages. In this paper, it discusse that we will generate benefits to farm villages through the revtalization policy of farm villages, and increase the value of public functions. At first, we build the Spatial Compuble General Equilibrium (SCGE) model consist of rural and urban areas, and we evaluate the effect of three revitalization policies, which are transport projects, labor policy and subsidy policy. From the results of numerical analysis, it explicate that labor policy will generate much benefits of farm village revilization, the benefits of public functions by transport projects will be about 3 % and subsidy policy will chage negative benefit to positive benefit by considering the value of public function.

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 Sotobori moat, made outside in the Edo castle for its defense in 17th century, has various values not only of a waterfront space but also historical ruins, which values are widely recognized by residents near and far from Sotobori moat. The aim of this study is to analyze the citizen's preferences of "use values" (direct/non-direct) and "non-use values" (historical value, bequest value, existence value and ecological value) in Sotobori moat. The data for analysis were collected though an online questionnaire survey of citizens living in Tokyo and the suburban of Tokyo. The results showed that 1) canals are valued higher than bridges, 2) the frequency of use is positively correlated with the degree of valuation, 3) non-use values are preferred to use values and 4) no correlation is found between the residential area and the degree of valuation. Citizons favor the preservation of factors like pine and cherry trees and stonewalls which provide the non-use values more than the development of Sotobori moat.

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 The impacts of global warming are already appearing in various regions of the world. Therefore, in addition to strongly promoting mitigation policies, it is an urgent need to study and implement adaptation policies from a long-term perspective in preparation for some possible negative impacts. The Japanese Government has long promoted various countermeasures for disaster prevention, environmental management, food production and protection of the nation's health. These counterm easures are considered to have potential effects asclimate change adaptation. This study investigated to what extent the existing policies for Tokyo can contribute to its climate change adaptation on the basis of comprehensively organizing targeted fields an dindicators in which adaptation policies should be taken. Research results indicated that the existing policies could be useful as climate change adaptation in many fields and indicators. Furthermore, the present problems were clarified accompanied with implementation of climate change adaptation at the municipalities' level, and solutions were proposed on how to use scientific knowledge to solve the problems.

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 Impacts of climate change have become obvious in agriculture and food production in Japan these days, and researches to adapt to their risks have been conducted as a key effort to cope with the climate change. Numerous scientific findings on climate change impacts have been presented so far; however, prospective risks to be adapted to and their management in the context of individual on-site situations have not been investigated in detail. The structure of climate change risks and their management vary depending on geographical and social features in the regions where the adaptation options should be applied; therefore, a practical adaptation strategy should consider actual on-site situations. This study intended to clarify climate change risks to be adapted to in the Japanese agricultural sector, and factors to be considered in adaptation options, for encouragement of decision-making on adaptation implementation in the field. Semi-structured individual interviews have been conducted with 9 multidisciplinary experts engaging in climate change impacts research in agricultural production, economics, engineering, policy, and so on. Based on the results of the interviews, and the latest literatures available for risk assessment and adaptation, an expert mental model including their perceptions which cover the process from climate change impacts assessment to adaptation has been developed. The prospective risks, adaptation options, and issues to be examined to progress the development of practical and effective adaptation options and to support individual or social decision-making, have been shown on the developed expert mental model. It is the basic information for developing social communication and stakeholders cooperations in climate change adaptation strategies in agriculture and food production in Japan.

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 Ongoing international climate negotiations are putting greater emphasis on the need for greater cooperation between developed and developing countries as well as among developing countries in order to promote climate change adaptation at all institutional levels. The pace at which adaptation is being implemented, however, does not meet the demands of climate sensitive communities due to various institutional barriers. While various adaptation networks, both globally and in the Asia-Pacific region, have recently formed to overcome these barriers, they have not met their full potential in enabling economies to become climate resilience. Among these is the lack of communication and collaboration among different domains of expertise. In this paper, we examine the role of existing networks, the stakeholders involved, operational modalities, and their expected outcomes and we identify recent activities that are helping to overcome these barriers and creating synergy by improving efficiency, strengthening coordination, and aiding in the convergence of multiple priorities.

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 In this study, we developed the method to design Low-carbon society for small communities almost without industry, with regarding of costs for countermeasures. Then we applied it to Putrajaya, Malaysia, and estimate Socio-economic indicators, energy demand, CO₂ emission in year 2007 and 2025. For countermeasure case in 2025, we set three cases according to their priority; Transport, Renewable energy, Building, and calculated costs for countermeasures also. As a result, it was shown that it is possible to reduce 45% of CO₂ emission by 2025 compared to 2007 level. Renewable energy priority case needs the highest cost, and Building and Transport was estimated to be the second and third highest. C-ExSS will help more realistic discussion on the policy and countermeasures for developing low-carbon society based on their costs.

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 We have developed a methodology for developing roadmaps towards low-carbon society in local government. A quantification tool called "Backcasting Tool" (BCT) was developed. BCT estimates implementation schedule of all policies and actions considering their relationship, financial constraints of the actors, and co-benefit of the policies. The methodology was applied in Shiga prefecture, Japan, and a roadmap which consists of more than 240 policies is estimated considering direct costs paid by public and private sectors. As a result, cumulative implementation cost was 7.3 trillion yen in which public sector bear 17%. Cumulative emission reduction was 101MtCO₂, and average emission reduction cost was 73 thousand yen/tCO₂.

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 Since non-metarilc mineral waste such as concrete mass, asphalt concrete mass, sand, slag and coal ash occupies 36% of total amount of waste generation and 26% of total amount of final disposal, it has significant influence on material flow of our country. Although the amount of non-metaril mineral wastes produced is expected to increase in the near future, demand of their application for recycled construction materials will decrease due to the reduction of public construction works and less use of materials in construction.
 The aim is to reduce environmental load caused by recycling and disposal of non metallic mineral materials, this study was conducted to evaluate the measurement for the reduction of environmental load like landfill amount and CO₂ emission amount by controlling material flow of non metallic mineral materials in the year 2030 by linear programming.

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 To prevent the global temperature increase by two degrees, global greenhouse gas emission in 2050 should be cut by half relative to its 1990 level. This study shows following three things by using multi regions and sectors recursive dynamic type computable general equilibrium model. One is the feasibility of that global emission target. The others are the counter measures and the impact on the macro economy, if that target were feasible. In addition, the scenarios with and without international emission trading are implemented and the effect of the trading is analyzed. As a result, that target can be achieved. The marginal abatement cost is 750$/tCO₂-eq in 2050. Energy efficiency improvement, renewable energy and carbon capture and storage technologies are the main players as counter measures. If the emission trading is available freely, GDP loss is 4.5% globally in 2050. Otherwise, the loss is increased to 6.1%. The emission trading mechanism is also one of the important measures.

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 In this study, a recursive dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model which can deal with Greenhouse Gas (GHG) constraint is applied to Japan. Based on several references, Japan's emissions reduction targets are determined as 25% reduction from 1990 level by 2020 and 80% reduction from 2005 level by 2050 in this study. Several cases with different scenarios for nuclear power plant, international emissions trading, and CO₂ Capture and Strage (CCS) technology are simulated using the CGE model. By comparison among the results of each case, the effects, especially economic effects are evaluated and analyzed quantitatively. The results show that the most important counter measure to achieve GHG emissions reduction targets in Japan is whether Japan joins international emissions trading or not. In a no-trading case, in which GHG emissions constraints are imposed and Japan does not participate to the trading, GHG reduction costs reach 2,560 USD/tCO₂-eq,yr (2005 price) in 2050. In addition, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) decreases 3.8% compared with a counter measure case in which GHG constraints are imposed but the emissions trading is allowed. The results also show that in case Japan targets no nuclear power plants in 2050, CCS technology and emissions trading are able to make up for the gap resulted from the nuclear power decrease. About the speed of CCS technology introduction, the share of power plants with CCS technology is changed depended on the speed; however, GDP and GHG reduction costs do not affected so much.

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 Concerning CO₂ emissions related to infrastructure development, common calculation methodology has not been certified. Common calculation methodology is necessary to know effective approach toward total CO₂ emissions reduction. In this study, we develop a calculation method of CO₂ emissions related to infrastructure development and propose it as common methodology. As the first step, we focus our attention on major construction materials, because the manufacturing of construction materials occupies a large part of the total CO₂ emissions.
 The calculation method should satisfy the following requirements: (1) covering all CO₂ emissions, (2) based on material quantities, (3) having clear evidence, (4) categorizing materials from perspective of those concerned with infrastructure development, (5) able to reflect site oriented data, and (6) updated annually.
 The developed method combines the pile-up and the input-output technique to satisfy the requirements above. The major part of CO₂ emissions is calculated with material based quantities by applying the pile-up to input of primary material and energy consumption. Complementary use of the input-output, we developed, covers all the domestic activities, includes product developments, fixed capital formations, and the others. An estimation, using official and industry-based statistics for some major construction materials such as cement and aggregate, confirms that the pile-up calculates approximately 90% of CO₂ emissions due to the manufacturing activities. The method also enables us to update ordinary CO₂ emissions of the construction materials annually.

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 In the field of infrastructure construction including river works, construction materials such as concrete are used, and it needs to transport them for the long distance. Due to recent growth of public awareness on the environmental issues, it becomes more important to estimate and reduce the environmental loads brought by the infrastructure construction. In the infrastructure construction, it is necessary to take notice of carbon dioxide and waste materials as the broad-based and long-range environmental loads. On the other hand, it is necessary to conduct the quantitative evaluation on these environmental loads and to investigate the reduction measures by considering the actual situation of construction. Focusing on the river works, this paper estimates the cost of construction, the carbon dioxide emission and final disposal volume on the several alternative plans at the designing stage, compares the significance of different environmental loads by using the integrated factors of LIME2, and analyzes the effectiveness of reduction measures. It also establishes the reduction scenarios of the environmental loads, and analyzes the effectiveness compared to the base-line scenario in which the materials are newly extracted and produced. Based on the results, it establishes the procedure intending to reduce the environmental loads at the time of river planning and construction, which will be referentialized by river managers, construction consultants and constructors nationwide.

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 In this study, world food production and consumption are estimated from 2005 to 2030 using a model developed by General-to-specific modeling methodology. Based on the agricultural production, we estimated GHG emissions and mitigation potentials and evaluated mitigation countermeasures in agriculture. As a result, world crop and meat production will increase by 1.4 and 1.3 times respectively up to 2030. World GHG emissions from agriculture were 5.7 GtCO₂eq in 2005. CH₄ emission from enteric fermentation and N₂O emission from nitrogen fertilizer contributed a large part of the emissions. In 2030, technical and economical mitigation potentials will be 2.0 GtCO₂eq and 1.2 GtCO₂eq respectively. The potentials correspond to 36% and 22% of total emissions in 2000. The countermeasures with highest effects will be water management in rice paddy such as "Midseason drainage" and "Off-season straw".

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 Potential of greenhouse gases (GHG) reduction was estimated and compared in six scenarios of fuel crop cultivation by utilizing sewage sludge in Japan. Bioethanol from corn and biodiesel fuel from soybean was selected as biofuel produced. When all the sludge discharged from sewage treatment plants in 18 major cities was utilized for soybean cultivation and subsequent biodiesel fuel production, produced biofuel corresponded to 4.0% of GHG emitted from sewage treatment in Japan. On the other hand, cultivation area for fuel crop cultivation was found to be the regulating factor. When fuel crop was cultivated only in abandoned agricultural fields, produced biofuel corresponded to 0.60% and 0.62%, respectively, in the case that corn and soybean was cultivated. Production of biodiesel fuel from soybean was estimated to have more net reduction potential than bioehanol production from corn when sludge production is limited, because required sewage sludge compost was 2.5-times larger in corn although reduction potential per crop area was 2-times larger in bioethanol production from corn.

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 In developing countries in Asia and other parts of the world, most energy sources used in the home are solid fuels such as coal and biomass (firewood, crop residue and animal dung). Particulate matter 2.5, consisting of particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 um or less, produced through combustion of these fuels inside the residence for cooking and heating has an adverse impact on people's health.
 We estimated PM2.5 exposure concentration in indoor microenvironment for each cohort of urban and rural area in ten provinces of China, using statistical data on time use survey and domestic energy consumption. The study found that, in each province, the exposure concentration in rural area was higher than in urban area, unemployed women between the ages of 60 and 64 had the highest estimate for exposure concentration at 3027 μg/m³. The study also found that the exposure concentration for individual cohorts in each province was greatly affected by people's use of time indoors, fuel consumption such as coal or biomass and floor space.

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 To simulate the vicious interaction between urban warming and increase of air conditioning energy demand predicted in Asian low-latitudinal cities, the authors improved their numerical combined model of urban climate and building energy consumption. As a case study, the model was applied to Delhi in dry season with a successful reproduction of temporal and spatial structure of surface air temperature distribution which was clarified through analyses of observed air temperature by use of new urban climatic land use classification 'local climate zone scheme'. Then the near future scenario in which the increases of population and per-capita energy demand were considered for Delhi was applied to the model. As a result, daily mean surface air temperatures in city areas were predicted to be increased by about 1°C in May. In addition, those temperature increases were also predicted to be mitigated only by about 0.1°C by introduction of heat island countermeasures like ground surface greening and albedo increase.

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 Heat mitigation projects, such as green roof, waterfront, mist spraying and water-retentive pavement, are mainly intended to decrease outdoor temperature, while some of them have multiple utilities including increase of species, mitigation of flood, improvement of spatial design and environmental enlightenment in addition to decrease in outdoor temperature. This paper proposes and demonstrates a decision support method for alternative design based on prioritization and preference evaluation for multiple utilities of heat mitigation projects. First, applying analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the priority order of project implementation was decided based on subjective evaluation of multi-stakeholders such as benefit recipients, experts and project implementers on multiple utilities of the projects. Then, the preference structure of office workers as benefit recipients of projects was identified using conjoint analysis, each utility was evaluated in monetary value, and discussed which aspects should be emphasized on detailed project planning.

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 In this study, the reduction effect of the heat inflow on the rooftop and the indoor thermal environment was measured by using the elementary school building, the rooftop of the bilding was covered with the water contain concrete boards. And, conserve energy effect and effectiveness for the indoor thermal environment improvement were evaluated. The effect of the decrease of the surface temperature and the slab side temperature at water contain concrete boad plot remarkably from the measurement result during the July-September of 2010, the temperatures decrease 22°C at the surface, 15°C at the waterproof layer surface that was caused compared with the gravel covered roof. The water contain concrete boards plot always drove the ceiling side temperature and the indoor temperature low as a result of comparing with the indoor condition of the control plot. The temperature fluctuate was small at time that opened the window and ventilated, and ventilation was discontinued, it became big temperatures fluctuate. The effect of the decrease of 0.5°C in PMV and 0.5 in WBGT was caused while the room had sealed up, and the effect of the decrease of 0.3 in WBGT was caused while the ventilated state.

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 In order to evaluate effectiveness of a combined system of solar heat collecctor (SHC) and heat pump water heater (HPWH), optimum operation scheduling moldel of domestic electric appliances using the mixed integer linear programming was enhanced. Applying this model with one house data in Tokyo, it was found that the combined system of the SHC and the HPWH has the enough energy-saving and CO₂ emission reduction potential under the existing electricity late and the operation method of the HPWH. Furthermore, the calculation results under the future system show that the combined system of the SHC and the HPWH has also the reduction effect of reverse power flow from residential photovoltaic system.

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 To clarify energy consumption structure in commerci al sector is one of challenging issues. In commercial sector, energy consumption structure is very complex, because the structure depends on regional development level, industry composition, climate characteristics and energy accessibility. Therefore, we can partly know the structure in detail using survey and statistics. In this study, we used a method to estimate energy consumption and energy service supply using available statistics and references and applied it to commercial sector in world the regions, and estimated energy consumption by energy service and fuel type in 2005.

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 Qigen Lake in Inner Mongolia of China suffers from shrinkage of water surface due to the overuse of groundwater. In this study, groundwater balance was calculated for 9 villages in Qigen Lake basin to find sustainable groundwater management. The result of calculation shows that groundwater level lowered by 1.0m/year in 2010. Efficiency of irrigation water use, which account for 99.4% of total water use, was also studied to prevent groundwater depletion and to maintain agricultural income of villagers. As a result, restriction of water consuming crops reduced groundwater depletion by 30%, however, caused reduction in income by 8%. On the contrary, lining of agricultural water supply channels, although it incurs construction cost, reduced groundwater depletion by 60% whereas income can be maintained.

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 Following periods of heavy rain and flooding, large amounts of water with high turbi01dity may flow into reservoirs. The larger the reservoir, the longer high turbidity levels may persist, which may disrupt water supplies. In this paper, we estimate the retention period of suspended matter in rivers that flow into Ogouchi Reservoir. The estimated retention period becomes the basic data to rapidly exhaust high turbidity water at an early stage. The retention period was obtained by assuming the complex flow of water into the reservoir as a "black box." By using cross-correlation analysis, the I/O response relation was calculated. We set the river water quality as the input and the effluent water quality as the output. We then estimated the retention period of the suspended matter to be almost 250 hours. The analysis method used in this paper does not use diffusion equations which require complex factors that influence the flow of water, such as wind, density, water temperature, topography, etc. Moreover, this analysis method is readily applicable to other reservoirs.

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 This paper aims to examine the differences of Green supply chain management (GSCM) implementation among chemical, automobile and machinery industries in China based on a questionnaire survey designed by Industrial Ecology at two industrial parks in Shenyang city. Exploratory factor analysis and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data. The main result was that the GSCM practices of the three industries are still at a beginning stage. The level of GSCM practices of automobile industry (promoted by international market competition) was higher than those of chemical and machinery industry (promoted by domestic laws and policies).

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 This study clarifies the factors to determine risk perception of climate change and attitudes toward adaptation policy by analyzing the data collecting from Internet survey to the general public. The results indicate the followings: 1) more than 70% people perceive some sort of risk of climate change, and most people are awaken to wind and flood damage. 2) most people recognize that mitigation policy is much more important than adaptation policy, whereas most people assume to accept adaptation policy as self-reponsibility, 3) the significant factors to determinane risk perception of climate chage and attitude towerd adaptation policy are cognition of benefits on the policy and procedural justice in the policy process in addion to demographics such as gender, experience of disaster, intension of inhabitant.

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 In order to expand use of forest residue in Ashoro town which has used pellets from forest residue, this study investigated a economic size of pellet plant in the expansion heat recovery systems of forest residue. Especially, we conducted a questionnaire survey for heat use facilities around Ashoro town to clarify demand of pellets that consisted of an average amount of the pellets usage per day, the delivery distance and the acceptable price of pellets as an alternattive fuel. As a result, we clarified the demand of pellets was totally 2,627 t/year, and the number of potential pellet use facilities was12 within the range of the delivery distance of 119km. In addition, in Ashoro town, if the pellet plant size is assumed to be 1800t/y, the expansion heat recovery system was found to be feasible when the price of kerosene rises to 105 yen/L and bunker A rise to 97 yen/L in the future.

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 Purpose of this research is to clear present condition of food waste recycling loops based on recycling project certification of the Food Waste Recycling Law. Method of this research is questionnaire survey to companies constituting the loops. Findings of this research are as follows:
 1. Proponents of the loop is most often the recycling companies.
 2. Food waste recycling rate is 61% for the food retailing industry and 81% for the food service industry. These values are higher than the national average in 2006. The effect of the revision of recycling project certification is suggested.

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 Plastics and mixed paper in municipal solid waste are valuable resources with high calorific value. However, the recycling cost to utilize them tends to be expensive. In addition, recycling system has to be consistent with the reduce of wastes on which should be put higher-priority to lower carbon emission and save resources in the long term. In this paper, we proposed a recycling system (smart recycling system) which consists of a local center an d existing facilities in arterial industries. In the local center, collected waste plastics and mixed paper from household are processed on the same line into a form suitable for transportation and handling in a facility of arterial in dustry which can utilize those wastes effectively. At the same time, a part of plastics with high quality is processed into a recycled resin in the center. It was suggested that, by utilizing existing facilities in arterial industries which have enough and flexible capacity to accept those wastes, the system can be a robust system even if the amount of wastes generation fluctuates widely. The effect of CO₂ reduction and cost by installing the system were calculated and it was estimated that 3.5 million ton of additional annual CO₂ reduction could be brought in Tokyo and surrounding three prefectures without co nsiderable increase in cost.

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 To date, the majority of industrial waste plastic generated in an urban city has been processed into landfill. However, it is now necessary to actively utilize that plastic as a useful resource to create a recycling society with a low environment influence. In order to construct a reasonable recycling system, it is necessary to address the "transportation problem," which means determining how much industrial waste plastic is to be transported to what location.
 With the goal of eliminating landfill processing, this study considers a transport planning model for industrial waste plastic applying linear programming. The results of running optimized calculations under given scenarios clarified not only the possibilities for recycle processing in the Metropolitan area, but also the validity of wide area recycling system.

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 The effect of unit pricing system on household waste reduction was analyzed and confirmed using a panel data on 71 municipalities in Japan during the period 1998-2006. It was estimated that the amount of combustible waste collected would be reduced by 45 g/capita-day if the price of bags for combustible waste were increased by 1 Yen/L. Availability of smaller size (<15L) prepaid bags had significant effect on the reduction of combustible waste. Availability of more than four sizes of prepaid bags had significant effect on the reduction of combustible waste compared to the availability of two or three sizes of prepaid bags. Differences between the price of bags for combustible waste and those for incombustible waste or recyclable waste had significant effects on the amount of combustible waste and recyclable waste. On the other hand, the effects of average price of combustible bags, incombustible bags and recyclable bags on the amount of combustible waste and recyclable waste were insignificant.

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 Purpose of this research is to clear present condition and measures to expand of voluntary agreement on plastic shopping bags reduction at the prefectural level. Methods of this research are questionnaire survey to prefectures implementing the agreement and survey by i town page to the number of stores of companies and the number of companies in the prefectures. Findings of this research are as follows:
 1. The refusal rate of plastic shopping bags was 10-40% before the implementation of voluntary agreements. And the rate is approximately 70-90% after the implementation. Therefore, before and after the implementation of voluntary agreements, the refusal rate of plastic shopping bags is approximately 40-70% less.
 2. It is suggested that the time and number of meetings from proposal to conclusion of the agreement are related in some way, to the ratio of stores participating. On the participation of administration, the ratio of stores participating in the case in which prefecture and cities participate is higher than in the case in which prefecture participates.

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 A solid waste incineration plant consists of so many facilities and mechanical parts that it requires periodic careful maintenance of them for stable solid waste management. The current research investigates maintenance costs of the stoker type incinerator and continuous firing plants in detail and develops an accounting model for maintenance of them. This model is able to distinguish among the costs of inspection, repair and renewal by plant with seven process flaw s and three common factors. Parameters based on real data collected by questionnaire surveys give appropriate results in comparison with other plants and enable to apply the model to plants which incinerates 500 - 600 ton solid waste per day.

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 Among on-site remediation technologies applied to illegal dumping sites, a technology to remedy contaminated groundwater without removal of the dumped waste is expected to provide a great opportunity to fulfill a societal need due to its economic advantage compared to removal of all waste. However heterogeneously-distributed waste makes the remedial process difficult. In this study, an in situflushing technology was applied to an illegal dumping site in Kuwana city, Mie, in order to remedy groundwater contaminated with several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) within five years. The key to successfully achieve the target was to conduct a series of advanced remediation processes; introducing a new indicator by which multiple VOCs can be estimated integratelly, monitoring the progress of remediation with a contour map of VOC concentration as well as the weighted averages of the concentration derived from the indicator, pinpointing residual contaminants area, reexamining the plan, and taking additional steps that promote further remediation.

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