The following three factors caused by climate change and mitigation measures might have impacts on food consumption: i) changes in crop yields caused by climate change, ii)competition for land between food and energy crops driven by the use of bioenergy, and iii)macroeconomic changes associated with the implementation of climate mitigation measures. This study quantitatively determined these three impacts on food security and explored the possibility of reducing these impacts by transferring funds from developed countries to middle- and low-income countries. We found that if governments implement strong mitigation measures aimed at attaining the 2°C target, impacts on food security due to ii) the land competition and to iii) the macroeconomic changes would be of a magnitude that could certainly not be ignored in comparison with climate-change impacts. We also found that in 2050 the provision of $87 billion (0.06% of world GDP in 2050) by developed countries to middle- and low-income countries could reduce the negative impacts on food consumption in those countries caused by climate mitigation measures to the same level that would result with no mitigation measures.

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 An inhabitant of Okinawa prefecture had troubled with drought water. Because Okinawa have a subtropical oceanic climate, and there is composed of very small islands in Ryukyu archipelagos. Some water resource developments had be done since Okinawa's reversion to Japan in 1972. A quantity of water demand was increased by increase of population and tourists etc. Firstly, this paper shows water supply systems, water use and drought water. These are arranged by relation with regional societies. .Secondly, quantity of water used for tourism using data of Zamami village is made clear. Possibility of drought water is analyzed by two scenarios; 10% number of tourist, and tourists do not save water.

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 To supply the fundamental information for estimating future steel stocks, this research estimated the goods-wise steel stocks in the world. The world was divided 35 regions and goods were disaggregated into 23 kinds of goods based on its use and steel input unit. Firstly steel stocks with 5 classifications were estimated by dynamic model from 1900-2005. And with regards to the year 2005, these stocks were disaggregated into 23 classifications by information of goods stocks.
 The results show that global steel stocks was 14.0 billion ton in 2005. The share of each goods was 34% for buildings, 24% for civil engineering structures, and 22% for machinery. The stocks in developed countries were mostly stabilizing after the 1980s and their share was 66% of global stocks in 2005. The range of steel stocks per capita in developed countries was 4.9 -10.6 ton/capita and that in developing countries was almost no more than 3 ton/capita. The numerousness of stocks for building and transportation infrastructure was a main factor in the regions whose stocks were large.

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 The purpose of this article is to estimate the yield function of main crops (maize, rice and wheat) using statistics and spatial data of daily weather conditions such as temperature and precipitation, crop, distributions, and crop calendar from 1961 to 2006. By using the estimated parameters of yield function, precipitation rise of 1% increases the production of maize by 0.15%, rice by 0.07%, and decreases the production of wheat by -0.32%, and a temperature rise of 1% decreases the production of maize by 3.78%, rice by 5.70%, and wheat by 1.36% assuming present crop areas, and cropping dates are unchanged. From this result, it can be concluded that a temperature rise induced by global climate change will lead to a reduction in production of major crops, especially rice.

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 This study aims to evaluate effect on CO₂ emissions of low-carbon-technology. We have developed a model to estimate CO₂ emissions of residencial sector, and organized a CO₂ emission database by each detailed attribute which contains family structure, house type, residensial area. We attributes of the place this model treats three area (inner, suburbs, outer) in the Nagoya metropolitan area, and indicates effect of introduction of low-carbon-technology. The results indicate that 1) reduction of CO₂ emission by photovoltaics exceeds increment of that by transport activity, 2) advantage of area-wide energy use is larger in neighbor that its landuse and household composition are diverse.

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 It is important to estimate medium-to long-term melting rate of mountain glaciers, which significantly affect global sea-level rise and changes in water resources. Debris cover on glacier is widely present in glacier ablation area and its spatial distribution greatly affects glacier melt rates. However, it is difficult to estimate the spatial distribution of debris thickness at large scale only from field measurements. In this study, we attempted to estimate the spatial distribution of debris cover of the whole Caucasus region using satellite data. A comparison of our results and field measurements by previous studies indicated that the debris cover more than 5cm in thickness can be estimated reasonably. Also, we found that the degree-day factor of about 20% of glaciers in Caucasus region becomes around half relative to that of debris-free surface condition, due to the insulating effect of debris cover. Our results highlight the importance of debris cover and its spatial distribution for understanding glacier mass change in this region.

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 Meltwater from glaciers plays an important role in fresh water resources as well as sea level rise associated with the ongoling warming climate. In this study, glacier mass changes are estimated using the terrestrial water storage (TWS) variations observed by the GRACE satellite. To identify the signal of glacier mass changes in TWS, soil moisture, snow mass and river storage components, simulated by a land surface model MATSIRO, were substracted from the TWS observed by GRACE. The estimated glacier mass changes were compared with that from simulations of a global glacier model, HYOGA2. From 2004 to 2007, GRACE showed a global glacier melt of -110Gt/yr with the largest melting in Alaska and Northern part of Canada. During the same period, the HYOGA2 simulation shows a glacier melt rate of -127Gt/year. While the global volume loss is similar, the melting rate is found to be different in different regions. The GRACE-based estimate of global glacier change would be valuable to improve global glacier modeling as well as enhancing the understanding of glacier mass changes.

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 Extraction of tropical cyclone (TC) patterns in terms of their track and intensity would be useful to reveal the relationship between feature of TC and its socio-enviromental impacts. However, extraction of typhoon patterns is not straightforward because observed typhoon data is comprised of multiple variables such as longitude, latitude and central pressure on typhoon track. This study extracts typical patterns of typhoon track and intensity by applying a nonlinear classification method, the Self-Organizing Maps. In this study, 60 years of best track data from 1951 to 2010 is transformed into the inputs for the SOM, so that each input represents the track and intensity of a typhoon. By employing the SOM to those inputs, we extracted nine track and intensity patterns from 1573 TCs during the past 60 years. The result indicated a track pattern was closely related to large decreases in central pressure. It was also confirmed that life cycle of TC was long when typhoon showed large decreases in central pressure.

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 Recent studies have shown that various physicochemical characters of nanoparticles have to be comprehensively concerned about their risk assessment. However, any researches haven't yet carried out to determine about depending of particles modification or surface potential.
 In this study, we examined that amounts of alveolar epithelium (A549) cellular uptake rely on particles modification or surface potential by confocal scanning laser microscopy imaging and flow cytometry. Then, the longer exposure time, the more cells taken up nanoparticles, in particular carboxylated particles were noticeable, though it was not able to show about the relativity between surface potential and cellular uptake.

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 Monitoring of inclination of land is important to prevent a damage from landslide. Low cost and stable system is necessary for this purpose. This paper presents a new inclination measurement system and its application to sensor network of disaster prevention. Our system has a bull's eye level, a digital camera and wireless module. The angle and direction of inclination is measured from the photo of bull's eye level. The achieved resolution was 0.0053degree/pixel using a bull's eye level with a curvature radius of 800 mm. Measurement data was compared with the data from commercial inclinometer.

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 Japan has faced environmental problems including an artificial thing for several times since the prewar periods. They are the industrialization that advocates measures to enrich and strengthen our country without considering living environment of inhabitants, the concentration of the population to the city and urban development due to the postwar high economic growth policy and the use of the pesticide for mass production of food to meet the food demand to sustain them. In addition, there were alarms to the lifestyle caused by such incident as oil crunch or Nixon shock. The Japanese can overcome some of them through the diligence and technical improvements to make what our country is now. However, globalization goes underway as time goes by and the solution of global problems like environmental problems including prevention of global warming has become necessary. Now the Japanese have achieved the life of comfortable, safe and gluttony. But the chances for Japanese to confront environmental problems at the cost of present lifestyle are extremely low. The challenge that is imposed on us is to make Japan where we can leave what we have realized to our descendents with lifestyle balanced with environmental issues. One of the measures for that purpose is to provide environmental education and to cultivate a person having a gene about the environmental problem solution by nature. Our environmental education program, which was created by the integration of state-of-art technology of civil engineering and information technology, was adopted and practiced at the science special support class of the Ibaraki Hitachinaka City Sotono elementary school and Maewatari elementary school. We report about the achievement and future plan.

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 This study focuses the accomplishment of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction target - 50% reduction of GHG emissions from 1990 levels by 2050 - in Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. This study especially focuses on the required emissions reduction amount in each target country compared with business as usual (BaU) cases. Additionally, the energy system changes caused by the emissions reduction measures are quantitatively analyzed by a computable general equilibrium model.
 From the results, approximately 50% to 90% emissions reductions are required compared with BaU cases in the target countries; especially Malaysia and Thailand face high emissions reduction requirements. Achieving the emissions reduction targets causes significant changes of energy system; at least more than the half of the total primary energy supply will be from so called low carbon energies such as renewable energies and nuclear power. Especially in Indonesia, nearly 70% of the total primary energy supply will be from low carbon energies.

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 This study aims to establish an evaluation method for life cycle CO₂ emissions of transport system including vehicle running, infrastructure construction, vehicle production and other elements. The case study treats light rail transit (LRT) development project. Proposed method has a framwork which can analyze effects of route bus abolishment, decreasing private car use and traffic congestion caused by reduction of road lanes. This study utilizes microscopic traffic flow simulation to illustrate traffic congestion from signals and turnings of vehicles and mixed traffic between LRT and vehicles. Using microscopic traffic flow simulation enables to consider running behavior of LRT and vehivles on evaluation of life cycle CO₂ emissions and the sensitivity analysis.

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 To prevent the cultivated soil runoff from farmlands which give negative impact on coral reef, it is necessary to build the regional coordinate organizations for promoting self and sustainable preventive measures by farmer in Okinawa Prefecture. In this paper, contents as empirical knowledge in actual coordination works of promoting to take preventive measures in farming are listed up by interview investigations for coordinators in 5 regions. Activation or friction factors on preventive measures in farming are extracted and analyzed the linkage structure using the ISM method; Interpretive Structural Modeling. As a result, contents as explicit knowledge of coordination work of promoting to take preventive measures in farming are systemized with effective coordination points by the linkage structural analysis.

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 Increasing frequency of heavy rainfall associated with climate change such as global warming is pointed out, subsequently impacts on its various industries are concerned, In Okinawa, since to the high temperature and heavy rainfall of the subtropical climate, erosion frequency occurs that weak red soil (Kunigami Maage) flows out from agricultural land, construction site and so on. This serious problem has not been resolved since 1950s. Moreover, not only limited in Okinawa, but also the weak soil erosion problem occurs in Kyushu Island, which also should be concerned in the future.
 In addition, by taking field test at farmland in Ginoza-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa and investigating the relation between rainfall and soil erosion, we are trying to grasp the soil erosion mechanism with climate change.

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 Reservoirs are important infrastructure in that they occupy a major fraction of water resources in our society. Therefore, to study on relationship between catchment conditions and the water quality of rivers is highly required to conduct proper management of the basins. In this study, 65 reservoirs were chosen for the study from all over Japan. Regression analysis revealed that the mean concentration of total phosphorus is expressed by population density and land coverage for agriculture, with a high correlation coefficient of 0.77. Moreover, Projection of water quality during this century was conducted considering population change in the future. Total phosphorus concentration is generally predicted to decrease in the future according to anticipated decline of population in Japan.

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 In recent years, water related disaster risks have increased all over the world, therefore both non-structural and structural measures for flood management have been carried out. However, it is difficult to take thorough measures; therefore appropriate watershed management is being reconsidered. The unregulated peak discharge that used as important value for watershed management especially flood management is calculated using historical heavy rainfall data. Quantity of rainfall data is more plenty than river discharge data, however the hyetograph need to extend for making design flood discharge and hydrologic model has uncertainty issues. This paper proposes a new making method for flood exceeding the designed level using waveform of historical flood discharge data. The Jinzu River basin was selected for this study, which is basis of social and economic in Toyama prefecture. As a result of numerical simulation, high flood risk area was clarified in this basin. Finally, the existing design flood discharge 9700 m³/s was 1/150 return period; however the value was 1/500 return period estimated using the GEV distribution in this study. As the result of comparison between 10 probability distribution functions, the calculated probable discharges had large differences.

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 Although the importance of water conservation function of forest is widely recognized as "Green Dam" in Japan, its quantitative evaluation and clarification are insufficient. The authors evaluated the green dam's function by long term analysis of tank model parameter's variation with long term hydrological data in the forested catchment, Nakatsugawa city, Gifu, Japan. The side hole sizes of the first tank are on a decreasing trend along forest growth, and it is showed that the forest's flood mitigation function is improved. On the other hand, major changes of forest characteristics by forest growth are increase of surface soil layer thickness, big pore spaces and so on. Therefore characteristics about percolation such as cracks in bed rocks are not so much change. The authors showed the tank model, which has fixed bottom hole size and variable side hole size, can explain the improvement of Green Dam's function as a reduction of peak discharge and increasing of ground water recharge.

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 It is important to clarify the runoff process of catchment water which reached the surface of the ground, and it has been studied intensively in the field of hydrology. In general, it is thought that the runoff phenomenon consists of multiple runoff components. In the past, some runoff models with multi-layer construction are proposed. Although these models' parameters have physical meanings, their reproducibility of hydrograph is not significant. A runoff model based on Kinematic Wave considering infiltration mechanics is newly proposed in this paper. Moreover, this model is applied to the Kusaki dam basin(254km²), and the availability is shown.

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 Water circulation model was constructed for the upper watershed of Shimanto river in Kochi prefecture to accurately predict the river discharge. This model has a feature to take into account of the soil thickness on the forest slopes and of the specific meandering of the Shimanto river. It was revealed through the model that the long-term outflow of deciduous forests has increased slightly from cypress forests, and there was no consistent trend between deciduous forest and cypress at the short-term outflow.

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 For impact analyses at national/local scale, spatial downscaling of climate projections is usually a fundamental process, which could be a source of uncertainty as well. In this study, we estimated climate change impacts on beech (Fagus crenata) forests in Japan with considering uncertainties derived from the choice of a regional climate model in addition to uncertainties in emission scenario and climate sensitivity. In order to estimate potential habitat for beech forests under future climate situation, ENVI model (a statistical model to evaluate existence probability of beech forest for each grid cell of 1km x 1km spatial resolution on Japan) was used. While the uncertainty in projected suitable area for beech forest derived from the choice of a regional climate model was smaller than that derived from the choice of a global climate model with different climate sensitivity, difference of projected suitable area for beech forest among the choices of a regional climate model was not negligible at local scale. For a good design of conservation strategies at the spatial scale, it might be better or necessary to consider the uncertainty derived from the choice of a regional climate model as well as the other sources of uncertainty in impact analyses.

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 This paper uses the iGAEZ (improved Global Agro-Ecological Zones) model for simulating rice yield in the paddy fields at Matsuyama. We estimated the rice yield and net irrigation requirement for 2007-2011, 2071-2100 using the present and future climate datasets obtained by a statistical downscaling model (SDSM) for CGCM model under SRES A1B and A2 emission scenarios, NCEP reanalysis data, and AMeDAS observed data. Results indicate rice yield in field have increased by more than 30% in the future under the all scenarios, which have high CO₂ concentration. In contrast, it is found that reduction in rice transpiration is about 12%. In addition, because net irrigation requirement will likely increase by 28% under A1B, and 36% under A2 due to precipitation decreasing in the future, water withdrawals from the river will be more increased in the future.

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 Water is a fundamental resource for human sustenance. However, the amount of water that is easily accessible is limited and therefore proper management of water resources is very important to fulfill the increasing demand and hence to maintain the standard of living for the escalating population. Recent studies have shown that human activities such as irrigation and reservoir operation have significantly affected the natural flow systems, and therefore accounting these human factors in the model is critically important to simulated land surface hydrologic processes realistically. Recently an integrated model “MATSIRO with human impacts” was developed by incorporating the human factors into the MATSIRO model. In this study, the global model was applied for Japan with a particular focus on Hokkaido region because Hokkaido is the largest agricultural region in Japan and agriculture accounts for the largest portion of human water use. Using the model, we show how the simulated hydrologic variables such as evapotranspiration and soil temperature are affected due to irrigation.

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 On May 29, 2006, mud and gases began erupting unexpectedly from a hydrocarbon exploration well near Sidoarjo, Indonesia. The eruption has continued since then at rates as high as 180,000 m³ per day and the mud inundated an area in excess of 6.5 km² and caused over 30,000 persons to be displaced. The mud is being pumped into the Porong River, which then carries the mud to the ocean approximately 26 km to the east. However, the accumulation of mud in the river might result in sedimentation through the riverbank and spreading across the fisheries' aquaculture area along the coast. The main objective of this study is to assess the effect of mudflows from the LUSI volcano on the river environment such as mud deposition in the Prong River using the observed river cross sections before and after the eruption of the volcano. From the analysis, it was found that a significant sediment deposition was occurred at the river bed of Porong River due to increased sediment discharge from the volcano during the dry periods, and then the sediment depositions in the river bed were gradually eroded and flushed away by floods and high water flows during the wet periods.

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 The regulation of waste electric and electronic products recycling was implemented since January 2011, and now home appliance recycling legal system is forming in China. With the development of the recycling legislation and formal recycling plant, across the country, home appliances recycling becomes a hot topic. In this study, estimation of end-of-life home appliance generation and the Life Cycle Recycle (LCA) of the recycling system was conducted under the case of 4 recycling facilities in Shandong province Finally, its result was compared with the Japanese case for discussion of the current state and the future direction of the recycling in China.

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 In most of Asian countries, recent urbanization causes, coupled with weak governance, serious impediments for public infrastructure services and serious water pollution problems. The effective countermeasures are requested world-wide. The UN's proposal on Millenium Development Goals is one of them. ODA is a main engine to promote technical transfer with capacity building generally leading to unsuccessful results so far.
 Hereupon, the authors intend to propose a new approach based on integral basin management systems (BMS), which have been applied successfully for every water-related problems including heavy water pollution in Japan. It consists of mainstay structural measures (centralized sewage works) and supplementary non-structural measures (on-site sanitation systems). Firstly, an analysis is made on the workability of BMS approach under rapid urbanization process during the high economic growth period in Japan. Then, an analysis is made on BMS application models for two Asian mega-city cases to verify how it could realize appropriate and flexible solutions in those basins.

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 Iskandar Malaysia (IM) is a new economic region in Malaysia's most southern state, Johor. The region is targeted for massive development by 2025 with a targeted rapid increase in the population to 3 million, or double the 2005 level, within the 20-years development period. The current handling method for solid waste in the area depends solely on final landfill and is not sustainable for the future of IM with massive waste generation forecasted by 2025. However, in order to develop an alternative solid-waste management plan, details study of the waste generated are crucial but are currently unavailable. We carried out a study at the Seelong Waste Treatment Facility in June 2012 to characterize household solid waste (HSW). We separated one hundred kilograms of HSW into 27 physical groups and proximate analysis and calorific value analysis were run on the samples in the laboratory. HSW generated in IM consists mainly of food, paper, and plastic in the proportions of 41%, 22%, and 21%, respectively. The moisture content, ash content, combustible content, and measured calorific value of the waste were 56.9%, 8.2%, 34.9% and 1591 kcal/kg, respectively. Further study of the suitability of the waste for alternative waste handling methods shows that, other than landfill, composting and incineration could be applicable in the study area through promotion of waste separation.

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 In this paper it is discussed mechanism of media choice affects renewable energy use behavior form in younger generations. Although citizens have interest for renewable energy, renewable energy use does not common. On the other hands, they usually get information about environment and energy through media. Therefore, developing renewable energy use behavior in younger generations who will establish their lifestyle from now by media would be useful. This study used questionnaire investigations. 618 valid samples were gathered from students of elementary schools, junior high schools, and universities. Logit model and structural equation modeling were used for analytical methods. From the results, it was shown that the quantity of media choices was changed by quantity of knowledge. Moreover, the structures of determinants affected renewable energy use intention and behavior were changed with growth. Finally, this paper discussed several recommendations to promote renewable energy use behavior using media.

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 The energy model which is used for the assessment of climate mitigation policy can be classified into two types; namely top-down and bottom-up model. Both types of models have advantages and disadvantages. However, due to the computational and model management resources the trials to integrate them are very limited. This study developed model which fully integrates those two types of model. In this paper we explain the methodology of the model development and show the application of this model to climate mitigation analysis. The results are mainly analyzed by comparing previous and newly proposed methodology. The sensitivity to energy price of energy consumption is relatively lower in new model than those of previous model and it makes GHG emission price higher. We carried out a sensitivity analysis on a key parameter which determines energy device selection and the results show that energy consumption and the emission price seemed to be stabilized at certain level even if the parameter is increased.

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 This study estimates future beach erosion in Japan due to sea level rise using the latest sea level change data of the MIROC5 model for RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5. In the vicinity of Japan, the sea level rise is estimated to be maximum of 0.3 m for RCP8.5, whereas it is estimated to be 0.2 m for the other RCPs. Then, the beach erosion in Japan is estimated to be maximum of 80-180 km² for RCP8.5 and 60-130 km for the other RCPs. The beach erosion will be accelerated in future compared to near future for all RCPs. Uncertainties of the estimation due to input data of beach characteristics are evaluated.

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 Sea level rise due to global warming will cause different impacts for each region. For a example, some prefectures in Japan may suffer from disappearance of sandy shore when the rise level is over 65cm. As precedent researches, we have conducted to derive recreation demand function by travel cost method, to construct an applied general equilibrium model with the specified utility function which is consistent with the demand function above, and then to evaluate the damage of sand erosion in monetary terms. This study also modifies the model to estimate the damages by region and scenario of sea level rise. In addition, a prototype virtual adaptation policy is designed with some past instances of artificial beach nourishment project, and is examined in context of cost-benefit analysis. As a result, when the sea level rise are 30cm and 65cm, the minimum damage are estimated as 0.08 and 0.16 billion yen per year for Tokushima Pref. and the maximum ones are 6.0 and 7.25 billion yen per year for Okinawa Pref.. On the viewpoint of effectiveness about the designed virtual adaptation policy, the cost-benefit ratio exceeds 1 for 17 Pref. (30cm) and 20 Pref. (65cm) among 39 regions those have sand shore in their area.

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 We conducted a cost-benefit analysis of an air pollution abatement project that supplied energy efficient stoves in a residential sector of a ger area in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. It compared to some abatement options. The net present value of the abatement projects and the reduction of particulate matter PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 emissions during the investment timeframe were estimated. We also interviewed 50 households using the improved stoves to gather data on fuel consumption and other factors. Fuel consumption was estimated to decrease by about 30% as compared with traditional stoves. The project's net present value over the 15-year study period was estimated to be about US$133.81 million. The monetized health benefit through emission reductions was estimated to be more than 8.75 million US$/year over the same time period.
 To test the impact of the improved stoves on indoor air quality, 24-hour monitoring of particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO) was done in detached house and ger in ger area. The analyses focused on traditional stoves with raw coal, traditional stoves with semi-coke, improved stove type Silver mini, and Silver turbo with raw coal.

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