Many things about the life cycle of the land leech are unknown, so we researched the life history by breeding indoors. The results were that the numbers of the egg capsules laid once were between 1 and 9, and the numbers of the young hatched were between 1 and 8. It needed about twenty days from feeding blood to laying eggs, one month from laying eggs to hatching, and two months from feeding blood to hatching. And it became clear that the hatched individual could not lay eggs if it had not fed blood several times, and it could lay eggs again, if once it had fed blood after laying eggs.

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Populations of the wren Troglodytes troglodytes were censused along one to three 2km transects (a total of 460) situated in 407 quadrats (5 x 5 km) in central and southeastern Hokkaido from late April to late July, 1976-1997. Main habitats of the species was forests. Wrens were observed in 100% of Pinus pumila forests, 70% of ever-green coniferous forests, 82% of mixed forests, 36% of deciduous broad-leaved forests, 1% of larch plantations and 1% of agricultural lands. They were not recorded in residential areas. The number of birds (mean ± SD) counted per 2-km transect was 1.1±1.4 in Pinus pumila forests, 1.4±1.4 in ever-green coniferous forests, 1.1±1.4 in mixed forests and 0.4±1.0 in deciduous broad-leaved forests. Wrens occurred in relatively high altitudes. Whittaker's index showing similarity in vertical distribution was 0.86 for wren-siskin Carduelis spinus, 0.82 for wren-bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula and 0.82 for siskin-bullfinch.

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The annual activity of Pares species was investigated in the mixed woodland in the north-east side of Mt. Moiwa (altitude 536m), Sapporo. The line transect censuses were carried out on the path from the foot to the top, which is about 2.4 km in distance. The numbers of Pares species recorded are as follows: Pares major 454, P. palustris 349, P. montanus 277, P. varius 91, P. ater 43 in the total of thirds of months in a year. The beginnings of reproductive periods which are characterizod by songs of birs are different fram year to year. In 1995 it started in January or Feburary, and the peak of reproductive season was in April and May for all the species. The season ended in Julyin 1996. The numbers of individuals of all the species were the most in June or July, being loosen in August, increasing in fall, then reached the lowest in December, forward gradually increased till the next reproductive period. The young birds after nestling are considered to share increasing numbers. After the peak in summer, however, the number decreased to the lowest level,then increasing again. It is supposed by emigration to/and immigration from the surrounding area. The territories in each species space out exclusively. As for P. major the territories space out at interval of about 75.5m in average. The territories between the same species are more exclusive than those between another species. In several districts two or more territories consisted of another species contemporarily.

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I here report on an unusual example of storing foods by Ochotona hyperborea in Hokkaido, which I discovered lately (N. 43°15', E. 143°7'). This example was discovered at the point of 930 meter above the sea level, which is the lower part of the slope accumulated by rocks 500 metre by 150 metre wide on the south side of a mountain of 1,100 metre above the sea level. I found the dry grass stored in a space between the two rocks, with one rock, the size of which is 1 metre in diametre, placed on the other, which is flat, and the size of which is 1.5 metre in diametre. The space is speculated to be 20 liter in volume, According to the amount of the stored grass. The surface of the overflowed part of the stored grass out of the space was covered with Dicranum. sp. and Cleadonia Krempelhuuberi. I had never seen such an example before. Dicrannum. sp. was seen among the stored grass, the amount of which is 0.4 liter in volume, and 15 gram by weight. In contrast, Dicranum. sp. and Cleadonia Krempelhuberi seen on the surface of the overflowed part of the dry grass was 1.7 liter in voulme, and 64 gram by weight. The whole amount of the stored dry grass was about 20 liter in volume and 330 gram by weight. The amount of Dicranum. sp. and the whole grass was in the ratio of 1:50 in volume, and 1:22 by weight. The amount of Dicranum. sp. and Cleadonia Krempelhuberi seen on the surface of the outside grass was 1/12 in volume. and 1/5 by weight to the whole. Dicranum. sp. among the stored food is considered to be there for the purpose of eating. but it is not yet known whether Dicranum. sp. and Cladonia Krempelhubert outside are for the same purpose or for other purposes.

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On the basis of a questionnaire survey conducted in seven districts, i.e. Akita(n=554), Utsunomiya(593), Tokyo(686), Osaka(767), Wakayama(577) and Kumamoto(639), respondents showed several distinctive characteristics related to childhood issues. Respondents who went through the threats of nature were more likely to express interest in nature, have religious mind, have positive feelings toward the natural environment, have more trust in human relationships, and to express less negative evaluation of science and technology. These results suggest the significance of nature-related experiences and impressions on the formation of people's views and attitudes regarding nature.

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