A review of the major orientations regarding the origin of religion reveals that prevalent theories are inadequate. Various prominent theorists established paradigms explaining how religion began. These accepted orientations do not coincide with biological evolution, anthropological evidence, or modern people's reported experience. Biological theories provide a basis for evolutionary explanations of religion. Two recent theories, based on evolutionary processes, could be tested by comparing paranormal, religious, and anomalous experiences gathered from a variety of cultures. Some anomalous experiences affecting religious beliefs are predicted to have structural features which are consistent cross-cultrurally. Such universal features reflect biological bases. Verification of this hypothesis would support the argument that processes associated with certain anomalous experiences affecting religious belief have been shaped through evolutionary processes.

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Studies have reported that some zen or qigong masters / students can generate nT to 100nTorder magnetic Fields under their control. This review finds that the order of magnitude of reported anomalous bio-magnetic fields(from 10^<-1> nT to 10^6 nT)have often differed remarkably in papers from the last 11 years. Results, including the authors' own measurements for magnetic fields caused by human hands are discussed. It is suggested that the differences in the order of magnitude of the reported anomalous bio-magnetic fields are influenced mainly by three factors : the rarity of special subjects, socalled"psychics" ; making measurements with or without local shielding of the magnetic field ; and variations in the type of detection sensors.

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There are many types of internal qigong, but there are very few that incorporate vocalization. We looked at the six-word practice with vocalization im qigong and report the analysis of the physiological data we measured. We found that sympathetic nervous system in the autonomic nervous system are affected powerfully by comparing results for the six-word practice with a standing posture qigong exercise. In the six-word practice, the carotid artery and the nearby blood flow increased right after vocalization. The flow rate of blood in the heart, liver and kidney increased as was seen by ultrasound imaging. We also found that vocalization during qigong influenced physiological data further. After vocalizations, the alpha waves increased in the head of the master and the qigong was effective for relaxation.

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Qigong is one Chinese mind-body training method for controlling the body, breath and mind. There are many kinds of Qigong. Hui-Chun-Gong is one, and it has many kinds of training methods. This report describes measurements and analysis of physiological states of image training using Hui-Chun-Gong. The data measured were ECGs(electrocardiograms), BP(blood pressure), RSP(respiration), temperatures on the skin surface, and so on. These data were measured at the same time. Measurements were done at Prerest, during Hui-Chun-Gong and Post-rest. While performing Hui-Chun-Gong, HR(heart rate)increased, R point value of ECG decreased, the value of LF / HF increased, BP increased, pulse pressure increased, the value of t_1 decreased, the pulse wave transit time decreased, and the value of |b / a| of APG(accelerated plethysmograph)decreased. These trends suggested that the sympathetic nervous system was predominate. RSP rate decreased and the amplitude of RSP increased. These trends suggested that a subject's respiration is deep and long.

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Most basic training exercises in Qigong belong to three groups : uncomfortable postures, regulating breathing and regulating physiological activity. In this paper, we describe the physiological difference between the two postures(seating and lying)of Strengthening Qigong.

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Changes in EEG, ECG and respiration were studied with qigong trainees through experiments every three months for one year. The subjects were two Japanese males and two females who were usually training in a kind of dynamic qigong. Alpha waves on the occipital region, which is an indicator of relaxation, tended to become large in the course of the year's training. The ratio of the alpha amplitude on the frontal region to the occipital region seemed to become larger during qigong, however, the changes in the ratio with more training were not so remarkable. The frequency of the alpha waves became slower during quiet qigong and faster during dynamic qigong, though, its change during one year was not clear. The heart rate increased even during quiet qigong compared with the resting state. Its increasing rate became smaller with subjects' training length.

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Qigong therapy is now seen widely as a popular remedy in Japan, but the value of qigong therapy is not settled. Three qigong masters using a high level of qigong therapy participated in this experiment. The changes occurring in the levels of cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, and β-endolphin in venous blood before and after a 40-minute qigong therapy were measured. Each qigong master-to-patient correspondence and the difference in ability of each qigong master were investigated. In the case of qigong master A who used his own internal qi, the levels of all parameters increased immediately after qigong therapy, but they decreased in his patient. By contrast, qigong masters B and C did not use internal qi, and the levels of many parameters decreased for them and their patients. It was considered that the patients were relaxed, and their sympathetic nerve activity declined during the qigong therapy.

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Recently, Wai Qi therapy is becoming recognized throughout the world as a method of therapeutic treatment. Measurements have been made of the physiological function changes in the skin temperature of the hands and thermal sweating when a Qigong master was doing Wai Qi Fa Gong(emitting the external Qi). In this experiment, when the Qigong master was doing Wai Qi Fa Gong, the electroencephalogram(EEG), respiration, ECG and heart rates of both the master and receivers were measured. Also, the effects of Wai Qi Fa Gong on both sides' physiological functions and the mechanism of Wai Qi therapy were studied.

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Recently, as a way to relieve stress and fatigue, relaxation methods such as color therapy and color healing have been used. A problem with ways of relaxing the body and mind through color use is the lack of scientific proof and their effectiveness. In this experiment, paper of four different colors(red, blue, black, white)were shown to six subjects for 10 minutes while their skin temperatures, electroencephalogram(EEG), ECG, respiration and heart rates were observed. Significantly different changes in the skin temperatures were recognized for all four colors. For the EEG, the θ, α, and β wave frequencies, amplitudes, times and places of appearance with different characteristics were observed for each color.

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An EQR irradiation causes a half-width(Hw)change of "0-NMR spectrum of a mineral water. But the difference of Hws before and after EQR irradiation depends on a kind of water. The Hw strongly depends on the pH value. Then pH change must be considered to study the effect of EQR irradiation on mineral waters. However, pH values of mineral waters placed in the laboratory under the same condition do not change so much, indicating that the half-width change by EQR irradiation is the result of the structural change of the mineral water.

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A high performance visual stimulation apparatus, an AV Tachistoscope was used to measure visual recognition ability and the results were applied to assess activation effects by mastication. The equipment can display diagrams and letters on a television screen in a minimum one millisecond display time. When the display time is short, the shown contents can not be recognized but by extending the display time, the shown objects become recognized and the recognition-time threshold can be measured. With this threshold value the cerebral activation effects by psychological and pharmacological means can be assessed. Gum chewing was selected as the activation procedure. The recognition accuracy to visually shown letters was tested in 10 normal persons, and it was significantly improved in the gum-chewing condition(90.8±13.0(%))compared with the control condition(71.5±28.3(%))(p<0.05 by paired t-test). The thresholds of the visual recognition time were 1.9±0.7 and 2.4±1.0 ms for the gum chewing and control conditions, respectively.

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A non-contact method is proposed to measure thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of various kinds of materials, especially biological tissues. The method is based on the fact that the time variation of the heated surface temperature depends mainly on the thermal properties of the material when its surface is heated locally. An argon laser and an infrared thermometer are used for heating and surface temperature measurements. The measured temperature variation is compared with that obtained numerically in advance, then the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity are estimated simultaneously. When the laser power and heating radius have been estimated accurately, the present method could obtain the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of non-metal solids within an error of 10%.

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Modern Western medicine has developed upon a scientific basis and it has contributed greatly to prevention and curing of patients with various kinds of diseases and injuries. Through the amalgamation of Western medicine with alternative and complementary medicine, "the third new medicine" will be created and integrated health cares will be realized.

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Health promoting effects of Jorei(a medical art of Japan)were examined using digital plethysmograms(DPTG)and electroencephalograms(EEG). Improvement of the blood flow and the relaxation effects of Jorei were demonstrated.

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To perform blind tests of health promoting methods using digital plethysmograms, we modified the measuring apparatus and data analysis method. We report preliminary results obtained so far.

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Many significant biomedical influences on human bodies by an emission from a 80kHz quartz resonance(EQR)system have been observed, but the reason to cause those changes was not known. We thought that those changes could be caused by the vector potential change and tried to evaluate the intensity and the space distribution of the vector potential produced by the EQR system. However the mechanism to produce vector potential by a quartz ball of the EQR system is very complicated, then we simplified it as an AC dipole model in this study. The result is indicating the intensity of the vector potential is in inverse proportion to distance from the quartz ; 2.33×10^<-11> Wb / m at 45cm, when the resonant current is 3mA.

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Using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test(ORT)developed by Omura as an experimental model of the Qi-Information System, we investigated the effect of consciousness on the Qi-Information System. The ORT was carried out on three young women who touched paper containers holding one of three substances(tetrodotoxin, cigarettes, healthy food). The ORT was conducted for each substance using three tests : a double-blind test, a single-blind test and an open test. In the case of tetrodotoxin(a lethal poison)only, the ORT results were the same for each of the three tests. For the other two substances, dissociation was observed between the results of the double-blind test and the results for the other two tests. The results suggest the importance of consciousness in the Qi-Information System, and the usefulness of the ORT as an experimental model of the Qi-Information System.

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In a series of previous studies, we have established a method to quantitatively analyze intellectual resonance based on a concrete message. This method allows us to analyze how and to what extent intellectual resonance occurs in a group, through the use of digital information such as numbers and characters. In this method, participants take their seats and fill out special cards according to game instructions. The degree of coincidence among neighboring participants is then examined and scores are assigned to the results. The scores are evaluated using mathematical tools within a probability theory framework. In this study, we analyzed the data of 37 trials conducted by 38 participants over the course of ten weeks. The participants were instructed to carry out three different types of trials in sequence under two types of game rules, i.e. "ordinary game" and "8-kanji game" rules. The three types of trials were as follows : one with an aim for resonance("positive trial") ; one with an aim for no resonance("negative trial") ; and one with no aim("neutral trial"). Persons who obtained high resonance scores were classified as "synchronizer". The purpose of this study was to characterize the synchronizers through correlation analysis between physiological indices and accumulated resonance scores. Our results revealed that synchronizers have the following tendencies : higher age ; female ; low body height ; low body weight ; low body mass index ; low grip strength ; as well as other bad physical conditions. These results show that a synchronizer, defined in terms of the resonance score, was not an abstrat concept determined through the stochastic process, but a real entity characterized from concrete physiological features.

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A qigong master(sender)and his pupil(receiver)were din two different rooms in a sensory-shielded state, and anomalous perception by qigong was attempted while the receiver was connected to an electroencephalograph. The sender attempted to transmit qi within a few seconds at a randomly selected time in 80 seconds period. The receiver, who was seated in an electromagnetic shield cage, attempted to perceive the transmission time. The analysis of the electroencephalogram from 20 seconds before to 20 seconds after the qi emission showed that a statistically significant increase of alpha wave mean amplitude at C_3 point occurred around 15 seconds after starting qi emission. The C_3 point corresponds to a sensory area of the right hand in which the receiver held a switch by which she signaled the guessed time. This result was consistent with results of our past experiments that the α wave amplitude in the receiver's electroencephalograms increases for his / her sensory area related to the loaded anomalous perception task at 10 or more seconds after the start of the anomalous stimuli. But the present experiment had a difference from the past experiments on the point that the anomalous stimuli were not sent at the time of the brain reaction which suggests anomalous perception in the subconscious.

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This article reports existence of parapsychological functions through four series of experiments. In the first series of experiments a subject Mr. Baosheng Zhang removed polymethyl metacrylate(PMMA)chips from sealed transparent glass bottles without breaking the bottle. In the second series, the sample was a long spring-shaped wire which was put into a sealed transparent glass tube. The subject removed the wire from the tube, but again the tube was intact. In the third series of experiments, a series of pictures was taken in the intermediate state in which the target was moved from the container. In the fourth series, a 10-fen bank note was sealed between two PMMA boards as the sample. The subject burned and made many holes on the bank note from outside the boards. All these were done with intact samples. These results suggest that there are physical and physiological functions of parapsychological phenomena.

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