【Abstract】 　Although Shinran had the Amitabha faith as a Buddhist invocation person, Shinran was also an owner of the Prince Shotoku faith. It seems that there was Shinran’s Prince Shotoku faith before going into the Honen disciple. It was greatly related also when going into the Honen disciple. Shinran has borne a sense of longing strong against Prince Shotoku. It continued throughout life till Shinran’s later years. It seems that Shinran’s Prince Shotoku faith had the Prince Shotoku faith in Shitenno-ji, and a close relation. The document handed down by Shitenno-ji, and the Buddha statue of the principal image of Shitenno-ji are considered to be greatly related to Shinran’s Prince Shotoku faith. Shinran’s Prince Shotokufaith has taken the form which is included in the Amitabha faith and also is included by the thought of the Primal Vow. It seems that it had led Shinran itself throughout life.

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【Abstract】 In Nepal, forests are a source of livelihood fuel, especially in rural areas. Dependence on forest resources, unsustainable use, illegal firewood harvesting, and policy issues are some of the most serious environmental problems. To solve these problems, improvement of local people knowledge on surrounding environment as well as environmental education which aims behavior change, improvement of the situation, transformation of values is important. Currently, especially in Nepal, stakeholders such as the government, NGOs, and NPOs are actively carrying out various enlightenment activities to solve local environmental problems and gender issues. One of them is the introduction of biogas. However, gender issues due to gender discrimination still exist, and not much effort has been put to improving women’s knowledge. Also, when environmental issues are addressed, they often do not consider women’s issues. Under these circumstances, for the solution of environmental problems in Nepal and endogenous develop the region, it is necessary to conduct environmental education including the gender perspective, such as improvement of women’s livelihood, women empowerment, etc. that means necessary of “Livelihood Based Environmental Education.” In this study, we take up the Chitwan region of Nepal as a typical example of an area where biogas is introduced to conserve forests and improve the lives of women who use firewood and discuss about the meaning of “Livelihood Based Environmental Education.”

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【Abstract: Indicators for the near future ― Ethnic formation and population】 Ethnic formation is supported by the power of human collectives. Demographics are the basis for the expression of diverse values of each ethnic group and serve as an index for understanding the state of human society in the near future from a macroscopic point of view. For this reason, changes in the world population have been grasped solely in relation between the food supply and demand and the spread of poverty. When predicting how the shaping power of various ethnic groups will change, the population problem is an extremely important keyword, and it is deeply connected to global environmental problems. On the other hand, Japan’s population problem is recognized as a social problem such as declining birthrate, aging population, declining labor force, and increasing medical expenses. Exploring the possibility of the emergence of new formative power in that direction is an urgent task entrusted to us by the next generation. (Nameshida Takashi) 1,

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＜Research Note＞ 1. Angklung, Traditional Indonesian bamboo percussion instrument 2. Cinnabar lacquered food container with Myanmar lion statue design 3. Tang three-color Hu people riding camel’s figurine.

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＜Research Note＞ Peee-papapaa-don-don, day and night, the blaring performance of drums and brass instruments in the wedding procession resounded across the mountains. This is Bojpur District, Koshi Zone, East Nepal. A large hilly area with an altitude of 6 0 0m to 2 3 0 0m. The wedding procession I attended was for the eldest son of the mayor of the village where the citrus nursery I guide is located. The groom was 1 9 years old and the bride is 1 6 years old. First, about 7 0 men from the groom’s village and the groom came to the bride’s house. In Nepal marriages are arranged between same castes and by parents. After staying at the bride’s house for two nights, various ceremonies were held in splendor at night, and today it is finally time to march with the bride.

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＜Research Note＞ Peee-papapaa-don-don, day and night, the blaring performance of drums and brass instruments in the wedding procession resounded across the mountains. This is Bojpur District, Koshi Zone, East Nepal. A large hilly area with an altitude of 6 0 0m to 2 3 0 0m. The wedding procession I attended was for the eldest son of the mayor of the village where the citrus nursery I guide is located. The groom was 1 9 years old and the bride is 1 6 years old. First, about 7 0 men from the groom’s village and the groom came to the bride’s house. In Nepal marriages are arranged between same castes and by parents. After staying at the bride’s house for two nights, various ceremonies were held in splendor at night, and today it is finally time to march with the bride.

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