The effect of 7 antibiotics, ampicillin (ABPC), cefotiam (CTM), cephalexin (CEX), tetracycline (TC), amikacin (AMK), clindamycin (CLDM) and bleomycin (BLM), on phagocytosis of rat peritoneal macrophages in vitro were studied and compared with that of controls. The following results were obtained.
1. All antibiotics except ABPC showed dose-dependent decrease of both phagocytosis ratio and index at doses of 10-1000ug/ml or more.
2. CTM, CEX, TC, AMK and CLDM showed significant decrease of phagocytosis ratio (p<0.001) at the dose of 100-1000ug/ml or more.
3. Significant decrease of phagocytosis index were shown in CTM, CEX and CLDM (p< 0.01: 1000, ug/ml), TC (p<0.001: 1000ug/ml) and AMK (p<0.01: 100, ug/ml and p<0.001: 1000ug/ml) .
4. BLM showed significant decrease of phagocytosis ratio (p<0.001: 10-1000 tg/ml) and phagocytosis index (p <0.01: 10ug/ml, p <0.001: 100-100ug/ml) .
5. ABPC slightly showed dose-dependent increase of both phagocytosis ratio and index, but was not significantly different from those of controls.
6. The pH of all antibiotics dissolved in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium varied only between 6.8 and 7.4 with all doses.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the state of methicillin-resistant Staphyloco-ccus aureus (MRSA) of inpatients in oral surgery.
The subjects were 80 inpatients from February to May 1993, and seven of 8 outpatients who were MRSA carriers at the time of discharge. The specimens were collected by swab from nasal and pharyngeal mucosa at the time of admission and discharge and every 2 weeks after discharge of 7 outpatients with MRSA.
The results revealed that MRSA was isolated from 7 of 80 inpatients (8.7%) and 5 of these 7 patients were suspected of nosocomial infection. MRSA isolation rate was observed to be higher in inpostoperative elderly patients than the other patients. Four of 7 outpatients with MRSA were found to be noncarriers within 1 year after discharge.
These results suggest that we should screen MRSA carriers at the time of admission and follow them up carefully after discharge.

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Acess^® A solution was used to perform periodontal pocket irrigation on patients with periodontal disease, and changes in clinical parameters and bacterial flora were evaluated by comparing them to those of patients who were treated with Periocline^®. As a result, irrigation with Acess^®A solution showed the same effects as when Periocline^® was used on all clinical paramete-rs including a decreasing rate of the total bacterial counts and a rate of the motile bacteria thereof. No adverse effects were observed in either group.
These findings indicate that periodontal pocket irrigation with Acess^®A solution may be useful in the treatment of periodontal disease.

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We have already reported that the incidence of transient bacteremia immediately after tooth extraction without prophylaxis of antimicrobial agent was as high as 69.2%.¹⁾
The following is our report of using ampicillin as a prophylactic by intravenous drip infusion before starting oral surgical procedure or tooth extraction. The administered ampicillin was ei-ther 500mg or 1000mg depending on the length of time required for the procedure. The drip in-fusion of ampicillin was completed within 15 or 30 minutes. While the surgical procedures were still under way, lOml of venous blood was collected. This blood sample was divided into two. One part was cultured in Bactec NR16A^® and the other in NR17A^® (Beckton Dickinson & Co.) . These blood culture media contained resin which quickly attached to the antimicrobial agent in the blood and neutralized the activity of the antimicrobial agent. The positive rate of blood culture was 4.3%, one out of tested 23 cases.

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Although the risk to human health is a generally recognized to be a social problem, asbestos is still the base material of pulp devitalizer employed in the dental clinic. In the search for a substitute, this study examines the clinical and clinicopathological properties of polyethylene fibers used as a trial base material.
1) For the clinical study, 60 human, vital, permanent teeth were divided into 3 experimental groups and investigated.
(1) Group in which pulp procedures were perfomed with modified Neo-Arsen Black
Success evaluation: Successful 70 %, Fairly successful 30%, Unsuccessful 0% Clinical evaluation: Good 60 %, Fair 40% Poor 0%
(2) Group in which pulp procedures were perfomed with modified Neo-Paraform Paste Success evaluation: Successful 50%, Fairly successful 50 %, Unsuccessful 0 % Clinical evaluation : Good 60 %, Fair 40 %, Poor 0%
(3) Group in which modified Neo-Parafrom Paste was used in desensitizing dentin hyperaes-thesia
Success evaluation : Successful 80 %, Fairly successful 20%, Unsuccessful 0%
Clinical evaluation: Good 60 %, Fair 40 %, Poor 0 %
2) For clinicopathological study, 20 human, vital, permanent teeth were divided into 2 expe-rimental groups and investigated.
(1) Group in which modified Neo-Arsen Black was used
Clinical evaluation : Good 90 %, Fair 10 %, Poor 0 %
Histopathological findings : In many cases, hyperemia, hemorrhage, conglutination of blood corpuscles, atrophy, and vacuolar of the odotoblastic layer were observed. Necrosis was observed in all cases.
(2) Group in which modified Neo-Paraform Paste was used
Clinical evaluation: Good 70%, Fair 30%, Poor 0%
Histopathological findings: In many cases, hyperemia, conglutiation of blood corpuscles, atrophy, and vacuolar of the odotoblastic layer were observed. Necrosis was observed in all case.
The results of this investigation show that polyethylene fibers have the same clinical effects (application value) as asbestos when used as a base material of pulp devitalizer.

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The experimental models in the mandibule of New Zealand White rabbits infected according to the Satoh-Heimdahl method were administered new oral cephems, cefcamate pivoxil (CCMT-PI) and cefpodoxime proxetil (CPDX-PR), at a dose of 20mg/kg, The transfer into serum, oral tissues, tongue, gingiva, submandibular gland, parotid gland, submandibular lymph node, jaw bone, and pus were examined and studied accordins to pharmacokinetics.
After administration of CCMT-PI, Tmax was 0.75 hour, and Cmax of CCMT in serum was 3.98μg/ml. Tmax's of the examined tissues were 0.75-1.0 hr and Cmax's were 3.14-5.48μg/g, thus the tissue to blood concentration ratios were 0.79-1.38 in the infected group. Furthermore, Tmax, Cmax, and the tissue to blood concentration ratio of CCMT were 1.0 hr, 3.66pg/ml, and 0.92 in the pus.
With regard to CPDX-PR in the infected group, Tmax in serum was 1.0 hr, after adminis-tration and Cmax reached an extremely high concentration, 14.89μg/ml.
Tmax's of the examined tissues of CPDX were 1.0 hr, Cmax's were 3.60-13.48ug/g, and the tissue to blood concentration ratios were 0.24-0.91 in the infected group. Also Tmax, Cmax, and the tissue to blood concentration ratio of CPDX were 1.0 hr, 5.18ug/ml, and 0.35 in the pus.
Moreover, CCMT-PI and CPDX-PR achieved good concentrations in the oral tissues and the pus in the infected lesion of the rabbits.

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The susceptibility of 99 stains of oral Streptococci which were isolated from odontogenic infections to TFLX was measured according to the standard method of Japan Society of Chemotherapy.
All of them showed that the MIC is less than 0.78 μg/ml which means the susceptibility to TFLX was quite favorable.
Considering the pharmacokinetic parameter of TFLX, the agent satisfies the requirements for transient bacteremia during and after the dental surgical procedure.

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