We would like to examine the legal system for the establishment of the main highway network in Japan, and to examine the public involvement related to the establishment process. We would like to consider how to construct some applicable public involvement systems.

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History of environmental issues and of process of consensus formation in the road construction project is discussed, in which the environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the keyword. Communication gaps among developer, government and citizens are fatal, and the communication type EIA is proposed. Case histories at Nagoya (Second ring expressway, EXP02005), Tokyo (Outer ring expressway) and Okinawa (Shin Ishigaki airport, Nago airport) are referred.

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Recently, the suspension of execution of the expropriation of sites for Kenoudou was decided by Tokyo District Court. In principle, the institution of action against the project authorization or the expropriation adjudication on the Land Expropriation Law does not stop the execution. It is necessary to state the suspension of execution by Article 25 of Administrative Litigation Law. This decision of Tokyo District Court was noteworthy, since suspension of execution of expropriation had been hardly accepted until now. It was based on the reasons that the execution may force a considerable mental and corporal damage, since the plaintiffs lose the living environment which have got used until now, and that this damage will be regarded “Damage with difficult recovery”. “Damage with difficult recovery” was changed into “serious damage” in 2004 by new Article 25, so suspension of execution will be wildly accepted from now on. Considering that the effect of suspension of execution in the phase of expropriation may be important, we should search for the possibility of the dispute settlement by lawsuit in an early stage on the whole plan. We must emphasize the necessity of setting the each stage of process clearly on a legal system together with PI.

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City of Yokohama made a trial of public involvement of preliminarily trunk road plan which is about seven kilometres, and connect west and east of Aoba ward. We tried to listen to inhabitants opinions and reflected them to the preliminarily plan again and again from 1992.
This trial is famous for pioneer case of public involvement, and inhabitants participation at preliminarily plan. This plan, that was named “Onda-Motoishikawa planned trunk road line”, was already decided at November. 2003, and will start execution.

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This paper reports a consensus building process of the Citizen Participating Road Planning Project of Akame-taki prefectural road, Nabari city in Mie Prefecture. The project tackled for local residents, advertised citizens and some members of the Akame District Promotion Conference to participate and work on road planning at a design work-shop (WS). The participants of WS were possible to propose multiple routes, however, had a difficulty to select the last on a stage of the planning process. This was due to difference of opinion that some participants felt to avoid house relocation, another thought important to contribute the road to community revitalization. Therefore, they hesitated to agree the final. By an effort to adjust participants' interests, they reached agreement. The lesson from this case is to clarify the interests of participants, and to provide with proper information that participants can evaluate validity of proposal routes.

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In Japan, the “Public Involvement (PI)” type road planning process is being established as a new decision-making process. The PI process aim to enhance the transparency and objectivity of decisionmaking process for road plans and ensures fairness in judgment by promoting the participation of citizens in early stages of project planning. The purpose of this paper isto describe the relation of the evaluation and the PI process in each stage of a road plans. Furthermore, this paper clarifies the problem about the partnership with citizens from a viewpoint of the evaluation of a road plans.

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This paper aims to clarify consensus building process in German road planning, and consider how to adjust interests between the environmental interests and traffic interests in road planning. German road planning system has four main stages, demand planning, line decision procedure, plan establishment procedure, and land acquisition procedure. Each stage has citizen's consensus building system except demand planning. Plan establishment procedure is the most important system, because all interests have to be adjusted at the stage. I point some advantages and disadvantages in German system, and suggestions to Japanese system.

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Traditionally in the field of criminology, the topic of “Urban Areas and Crime” has been main interests among criminologists, espcially the Chicago School such as Show and Mackey. They strongly belived that most of cities have their own elements which encouraged crime and delinquency. On the other hand, according to this idea, Bottoms and his collegues also focused on geographical elements related with crime occurring.
In the 1970s, in the US and the UK, a new criminology appeared as “Environmental Criminology” because crime had dramatically increased and citizens demanded of more crime reduction strategies for central and local governments. Most environmental criminologists think that crime does not occur at ramdom but regularly, so they have studied the criminal events happening in a given time and palce. Their ideas for crime prevention are quite simple because people can use the measures which offenders dislike. They belong to “common sense.” Thanks to these strategies for crime prevention, in my view, the US and UK have really enjoyed more stable crime situation since mid-1990s.
Nevertheless, we cannot reduce crime only by the tactics offered by the environmental criminology or situational crime prevention because crime is quite changeable. Then, we need another one, namely “social crime prevention, ” which promotes child socialization in their own communities through education by parents, schools and community people. In the near future, we have to combine situational with social crime prevention in Japan as well.

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The myth of safety in Japan collapses and the deterioration of public peace is worried-this is a halfsided fact. Firstly by using the statistical data, it is revealed that the number of serious crimes in Japan has recently been increasing and the arrest rate has been decreasing in total. However the serious crime rate in Tokyo still stays one tenth as much as that in US large cities. Secondly the geographical distribution of crime is described. The distribution varies by the kind of crime in case of Tokyo. The existence of the police station is effective in limited area from the location in case of a local city. The trade-off relation with convenience of place can be found both in a Japanese local city and in US large cities. Thirdly the tactics to keep urban safety are discussed. Modern city planning paradigm “tower in the park” has a weak point in respect of public surveillance. The design for increasing the eyes on the street and promoting the community atmosphere of place should be still and again considered now. Moreover citizen's trials for safety guarding, recently being developed in most Japanese cities, are important key to the urban safety in future.

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Recently, the number of houses where the crime prevention glass and high-tech equipment were set up has increased. Those strategies contains the problem of the cost rise and “fortress mentality”. Therefore, if the balance is not noted, there is a possibility that a difference of the crime prevention performance and various obstacles in life are caused. The crime prevention measures of the part that won't be seen from surroundings are insufficient. Moreover, it is set up in the place where the lighting and the security camera are improper.
If CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) is executed from the plan stage, the crime prevention measures to be effective and balanced can be expected. The cost of the crime prevention glass and the high tech gadget can be reduced if it does so. There is a possibility of improving the community empowerment and the amenity if the resident activity is put in.
It is basic that CPTED works inclusively according to the characteristic of the region and the house. The problem in the future is to enhance the support system.

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Planned communities like City of Irvine and “Planned Unit Development” in U. S. A. have been provided with strategic site plannings and landscape architectural approaches to create good sense of security. Neighborhood characters from those attract and assure people who want to have quality of life and livable place. Also, “The New Urbanism” planning methods provide better implementations those create diversity, walk-ability, compactness and make visible “the third place” where people's gathering spaces with a sense of security into the new and redeveloped town. Those approaches mostly fit the crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). In another hand, “Neighborhood Watch” type of social practices has been done many cites and communities. Therefore, we could learn from American good practices and think about Japanese real estate industry needs to take more holistic approach and restructure some principals and methods of visioning, valuing and selling process with a sense of security to overcome the crime increase situation in Japan.

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Recently, crime in residential areas has increased rapidly in Japan. Still more various measures have been taken against crime for apartment houses, detached houses, and residential areas through the original surveys in this country and CPTED theory in Western countries. Furthermore, I think that there are three future problems for security of towns:(1) still more the spread of crime prevention method through environmental design, (2) residents participation in citizen-based town planning against crime, (3) training specialists having good knowledge on CPTED and resident's role: leader of residents, city planners, architects, administrative officials, and police men.

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Expected performance specifications of crime prevention measures in multi-family dwellings change not only by types of crime and social situations at a time, but they also depend on conditions such as environment surrounding project locations, nearby neighborhoods and actual building layouts within project sites.
We are basically aiming at the comprehensive formation of crime prevention environment, based on the four principles of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED).
In this article, I will introduce some concepts on crime prevention measures through “constructionoriented” building and site planning designs.
Although it is said to be also effective in crime prevention, I will not discuss here about “peopleoriented” method such as formation of neighborhood and community policing enforced by associations of apartment owners (AOAO) and/or property management companies.

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A myth of Japan says “For water and safety to be no charge” is collapsing . Under such a situation, the idea of “crime prevention performance is one of the fundamental performances” is spreading in residential homes. Here is an example of measures against burglar by home builders. In order to specifically prevent being invaded, the main measures are to reinforce the components of the opening. However, the residence being conscious of crime prevention is the important fact, we are announcing how important to raise residence and the whole community's awareness to crime prevention.

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