This article examines changes in the U. S. South after the Sunbelt phenomenon in terms of economy, population, city, and life. The U. S. South experienced an economic growth and population increase since the 1960 's and was promised to attain a high growth. In the South, manufacturing grew, employment in manufacturing increased, and inflow of people from outside the region continued to increase, as if the region received plentiful sunshine. Most of the South's attractiveness to manufacturing came from low wages, and low rates of unionization. However, in the recent decade many firms have departed the South to establish operations abroad due to the loss of relative advantage of low wages. With the increase in income and population, the service sector in the South expanded in metropolitan areas. Furthermore, the inflow of retired persons and the development of retirement communities have brought about the increase in employment in the health and social assistance sector. As a result, employment structure in the South changed.

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The people of Pantanal (pantaneiros) have conducted the extensive calf production that depends excessively on natural grassland in the Pantanal of Brazil. According to the case of Fazenda Baía Bonita in the Nhecolândia of south Pantanal, this study examines the problems of traditional cattle grazing and appropriate measures for the future management by focusing on the relationships between natural environment and social surroundings. The wise use of wetlands fostered for centuries still remains in the ranch, e.g., management of cattle herds corresponding with seasonal water level, methods for preventing grassland from plant succession to semi-deciduous forest by means of intentional burn, tree girdling and cleaning, and mutual aid customs between neighboring ranches. However, the management of extensive calf production confronts difficulties at present because of the scarcity of labor, small-scale grassland of the ranch, low conception rate of heifers and cows, and low productivity and quality of calves. In order to resolve current situation and to achieve stable management of calf production, it needs to create a calendar of breeding and shipping that especially specifies the season of breeding to promote the efficiency of administrative work. It is also necessary to introduce stud bull and cows of high quality, and to practice appropriate controls on their numbers and breeding under strict regulations of grazing areas.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the regional characteristics of pork production area in Kagoshima Prefecture through analyzing branding strategy of“ Black Hog”. Hog industry in Kagoshima Prefecture remarkably developed from the 1970 s to the 1980 s, and Kagoshima Prefecture grew the biggest pork production area in Japan. In this process, production groups that integrated feed mills, slaughterhouses, meat packing plants and farms were formed. However, from the 1990 s onward, Black Hog productions immediately increase owing to branding strategy. In this situation, branding strategy of Black Hog was promoted by not only each production group but a formal organization, the“ Association of Black Hog Producers in Kagoshima”. Through the branding strategy, this association functioned adequately as the executive organization of pork production area in Kagoshima. The pork production area grew in Kagoshima Prefecture owing to the intention of organization by mass productions or cost reduction. In addition, the pork production area has been sustainable in management, because the strong organization in production groups and production area has successfully introduced branding strategy.

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In integration of Turkey to the EU, the scope of regional programs has been transformed to reach the basic regional socio-economic standards of the Union. In this way, new cooperative regional programs have been applied in Turkey by the EU and Turkey. Therefore, some regional programs in Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics （NUTS） level-2 regions have been examined in this study. In this point, the data of regional GDP per capita by sectors has been used to analyze sectoral disparities in terms of Gini index. To discuss and evaluate the future of the programs on regional disparities, related sector parameters of GDP per capita have been calculated by regression analysis through（ balanced） panel data. The findings showed that there is a remarkable sectoral disparity among program regions, and the sector priorities of the programs are not sufficient to bring any long-term solution for the regional disparities. Finally, Turkey from regional and/or multiregional perspectives needs to reconsider the regional programs for decreasing the disparities as much as development of the regions.

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[in Japanese]

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