[in Japanese]

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This paper studies the ‘Key person’ who is supposed to be the lead agent of the development works in the endogenous development theory proposed by the Japanese sociologist Tsurumi Kazuko. The study especially explores the source of inspiration and motivation of this ‘Key person’. Author’s previous study made a quantitative analysis of the ‘Need Hierarchy’ suggested by Abraham Maslow and shed light on the level of satisfaction and the degree of self realization with respect to the five ‘key persons’ assumed to have the central role in their respective development works. Consequently, it brought into focus on definite attributes of the Key person —such as the setting of goal, conscious of one’s value system, and the action taken towards the achievement of the goal. These attributes relate to aspects of value consciousness, exposure to the external environment and spirit of sacrifice supposed to be required to tread the road of endogenous development. The present study focuses on the analysis of qualitative factors of motivating force toward the action to be taken by the Key person. It reviews Tsurumi’s view of animism and religious nature of the Key person. The paper argues that character of the ‘Key person’ is not necessarily ‘religious’ as suggested, but is a character that faces a social problem squarely and honestly, and works towards it as his mission. In this sense, this study suggests that one of the characters of a ‘key-person’ is religious in its broadest sense which Maslow suggests for persons of self- realization, while animism as stated by Tsurumi could be inherent within this religiousness.

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This paper examines that there is still room for support for women’s resource access, focusing on how the situation of intra-household and extra-household make an opportunity for women’s resource access in urban Bangladesh. Most discussions about women’s resource access mainly focused on the negotiation process and decision-making between couples. However, we cannot rule out about the possibility that women try to access resources through not only the negotiation and decision-making but another way. Thus, this study attempted to analyze the women’s resource access by using the conception of “Intra-Household Initiative Formation.” The result of the analysis, the opportunity of women’s resource access is made by these three dimensions. One is the negotiation; second is “women’s strategic behavior,” and the other is “concession of husband.” In addition to this, we could find the possibility that the mutual aid networks in urban slum affect women’s resource access. Therefore, we need to find the way not only to improve women’s negotiation power but to maintain and strengthen the mutual aid networks surrounding women.

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Analyzing the websites of ninety-six (96) Japanese NGOs was a primary methodology, research questions of the study consists of 1) Whether Japanese NGOs for international cooperation portray their beneficiaries positively in their information-dissemination activities? 2) Do Japanese NGOs for international cooperation explain structural causes of issues they try to address and their linkages with Japan in communication with the public? 3) What kind of volunteer activities or opportunities do international cooperation NGOs in Japan offer to citizens to participate in? The study found that Japanese NGOs reviewed depicted their beneficiaries as dignified and empowered human beings. Further, 61% of NGOs working in project implementation and 100% of NGOs working for policy advocacy and working for both implementation and advocacy explained structural causes of issues which they address in their communications with the public. However, only 5% of the former and 38% of the latter explained the linkages between the issues they are working with and Japan. Lastly, 75% of NGOs asked for volunteers to support secretariat-related work, while 43% of NGOs mobilized volunteers for disaster response in Japan, and 26% of NGOs provided various kinds of volunteer activities or opportunities in which citizens can actively involve themselves with.

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This study examined Secondary School Students' Moral Cognition in light of the serious educational disparities seen in the Republic of South Africa after the apartheid. In Mpumalanga Province, JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) has been offering educational support for the improvement of scholastic aptitude in science and mathematics. However, there have not been many noticeable results. I developed a hypothesis by which education should focus on both scholastic aptitude improvement and moral education. High school students need moral education to help them lead good lives. To test the hypothesis, I conducted a questionnaire survey with high school students and teachers to determine their ideas about the way of living. I found that high school students are morally cognition and satisfied with the current situation. However, they appeared to have no idea about the future. I would like to recommend that moral education, along with scholastic aptitude improvement, be a part of education.

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