Kumiss is a traditional fermented milk drink of Mongolian Nomads. This fermented mare's milk product is produced by the combined fermentation activities of lactic acid bacteria and lactose fermenting yeast. During the summer season, the average adult male Mongolian Nomads used to consume about three liters of kumiss per day. The objective of this study was to analyze the nutritional intake of kumiss in the Mongolian Nomad's diet. Our field survey and study concluded that among Mongolian Nomads families, adult males are dependent on kumiss, which alone accounts for 50% of their total energy intake. A drought in 1999 and severe cold in the winters of 2000 and 2001 resulted in great losses to domestic animals stocks. As a result, the Mongolian Nomads were forced to rely upon food resources other than kumiss. Production of traditional fermented dairy products, including kumiss, is decreasing in Mongolia for many reasons. This decline has resulted in a large decrease in the nutrient and calorie intake of the Mongolian Nomad. This drop in production and related drop in consumption of fermented milk products by the nomads may result in malnutrition, under nutrition or other health problems. If the Mongolian Nomads are unable to find a suitable food substitute soon, other serious dietary problems may result.