The study of spatial pattern of distribution of goods is one of the essential problems for marketing geographers. The author attempts to analyse the trading areas of wholesaling of cities in Miyagi prefecture. Seven items of goods are selected to examine the trading areas. The results of the analysis are as follows:
1) The trading areas of wholesaling of cities are different to each other, in respect to their size, the density of purchasers and the spatial connectivity of competent city with other cities concerned.
Sendai has the largest trading area concerning respective item of goods. It owes a reason to the fact that various channels in Sendai connect to those channels of final step in the link of distribution, which are located at many commercial cities in Tohoku.
The trading areas of relatively small cities such as Ishinomaki and Furukawa are small in size, corresponding to the trading areas about the retail trade of shopping goods.
2) The differentiation of forms of trading areas are based on the function of channels, which differs according to the step in the process of distribution. Wholesalers occupying the final step of distribution have generally small trading areas around each city. Wholesalers ranked at the first or second steps are located in large cities such as Tokyo and Sendai, and have large trading areas, in which the wholesalers ranked at upper steps connect with the wholesalers of the lower steps at many cities in Tohoku.
3) However, this trend is not always common for all items of goods. In the case of the distribution of producer's goods and capital goods, general merchants and firms concern strongly to the trading, and the channels with basic function for distribution are located in central cities, of which the marketing areas are set in national scale. Whereas, in the case of durable consumer goods with national brand, the producers control the marketing routes and the marketing areas, which are divided restrictively to small units, in order to get more consumers and to evade competition between wholesalers under their control. In the case of distribution of general consumer goods, the trading areas of wholesalers are more complicated. The standardized goods supplied on the base of mass production such as some of medicaments, textile goods, shoes and intoxicating liquor, are traded by brand, and the forms of trading areas are similar to the case of durable consumer goods. The sales sections of producers or firms controlled by makers determine the trading areas of the wholesalers under their control. However, in the case of the non-standardized goods and goods in fashion or goods without brand such as some of personal belongings, intoxicating liquor and medicaments produced by intermediate and small manufacturers, the distribution is initiated by wholesalers, and diversiform trading areas are overlapping one another.

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Many lumber shops in urban area, which have no urban appearance compared with neighbouring retail shops, offices or residences, are going to cause public nuisance such as noise and others.
Present distribution of lumber shops in many cities is concerned to the city planning in feudal era, and some of which are newly located in the neighbourhood of the railroad station where urban renewal has not come. There are few lumber shops in the recently developed residential area.
New lumber shops in urban area are changing their character to the dealer of miscellaneous construction materials, and the shops look to adapt to various kinds of function.

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It is commonly recognized that public nuisances are classified to three categories due to their characters; industrial, urban and others. The author will discuss in this paper on the industrial and urban nuisances in Sapporo.
Among these nuisances, urban one may be considered not only as occurring in urban area, but also as results from the unbalance between increasing city population and urban public facilities such as sewerage system or others. The lack of public facilities are main factors of urban nuisance.
The author analyzed air and water pollution in Sapporo as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Air pollution with high sulphur content is limited to CBD area and it seems to have diminished with the completion of district central heating in a part of the CBD. But residential districts around the city have been gradually polluted with low sulphur content. In order to eliminated air pollution, it is necessary to equip the district central heating adjacent to CBD area and also at residential districts.
Water pollution is most closely related to the lack of sewerage system. At the Shinkawa river which runs through the western parts of the city, extreme pollution is caused by waste water from chemical factories and fish processing ones.
From the above view points, there are many latent factors outside the 6 kilometers sphere where population is increasing much higher than any other districts.

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Because of the distant locality to the big markets in Japan and its limiting demand as well as other fruits in those days, culture of chestnut of Tanba-variety in Kumamoto Prefecture did not largely develop until 1960 despite that it was introduced early in Taishô era and adopted by upper class farmers in the beginning of Shôwa era.
But, with area of 3, 320ha under cultivation and yield of 3, 330ton in 1970, her chestnut production holds the third rank following that of Ibaraki and Ehime which formed special production district since prewar. About 70% of its total production was sold through the co-operative shipping, and most of them was sent to the Kansai Markets centering Ôsaka.
Such a great stride in her chestnut production had been resulted during the last decade between 1960 and 1970. Two are main reasons, one is the effect of the subsidy policy by prefectural government, and the other is the lowering of profitability in the forest land-use for fire-wood and chacoal since fuel evolution.
Thus, the chestnut growing areas were formed widely inland, avoiding coastal areas where citrus fruits brought gains more than chestnut culture. They measures 30% to 70% of all arable land and centered to diluvial land, hilly land and moutain slopes. Two types of farming system in chestnut culture are observed according to the author's survey. First type is in relation to upland fields offering favourable conditions for many crops, where chestnut culture may be stable only as a promoting crop for diversified farm managment. The second corresponds to mountenous districts restricting profitable crops, where it is considered as the most important cash crop in farming system.

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A number of Tertiary type landslides are distributed in the northern part of Nagano Prefecture. They have various kinds of topography. The topographies due to shallow layer landslides in mudstone zone are, in general, simple. In the area consisting of the alternation of mudstone, sandstone and pyroclastic rock, deep layer landslides usually occur and bring complicated topographies. And in the zone of basement rock crushed by faults, specialized landslides are apt to break out: the area composed of pyroclastic rock intruding along the faults and metamorphosed pyroclastic rock forms more complicated topographies.
The topography of Shimizuyama sliding area is the object of consideration presented here. Shimizuyama landslide occurs along the Himekawa fault, one of the faults belonging to the Itoigawa-Shizuoka tectonic line. Its sliding area has a length of 2, 000m, a width from 300m to 500m, and an area of 70ha, totalled of five sliding blocks. The major landslide occurs in the zone whose basement rock is crushed by the Himekawa fault and developed in the same direction (from south to north) as that of the Himekawa fault. The mountain flank by the sliding is, generally, gentle (8%-20%), where occur landslides or collapes scarcely. The fluviatile terraces in steps in the neighborhoods of the sliding area are gradually deformed by the sliding. Shimizuyama sliding area is large in scale and its sliding surfaces are usually shallow; this is the difference with such a landslide that a large-scale rock sliding in old times has kept on sliding. Shimizuyama sliding area is formed by the repeated landslides.

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Eigthteen years have already passed since our first exploration of Lake Otori-ike. The difficult accessibility of the lake from the nearest village has made it ignored by the limnologists for these ten years. In August, 1973 the survey was carried out by the authors with the following results:
1) The lake has maintained the low productivity, i. e. it has been oligotrophic since 1955.
2) The ground water supply into the lake is 90, 000m³/day while the inflow of the surface water measures only 49, 000m³/day.

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The term “turf exfoliation” has been coined by Sapper for a special type of denudation in Iceland, which is characterized by the destruction of a closed turf carpet by eolian deflation of the fine-grained subsoil and undermining of the turf. But, Troll considered, the deflation is only a secondary process, the essential primary process is freezing and frost-heaving of the bare soil by frequent, short-periodic change of frost and thaw. The same phenomenon is found in Cape Erimozaki region, Hokkaidô, which is situated in Dfb climate with strong wind and scanty snow-fall.

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