Two new species, Neosartorya shendaweii and N. tsunodae, isolated from soil in Xinjing, China and in Pernambuco, Brazil, are described and illustrated. The first species is characterized by its ascospores with two widely separated equatorial crests and tuberculate to verrucose convex surfaces. This species has affinities with several known species of the genus, bearing ascospores with a similar ornamentation, but can be distinguished from these species by other morphological characteristics such as smaller cleistothecia and conidiophores, spathulate vesicles and rather ellipsoidal conidia. The second species is characterized by its unique ascospores with two low equatorial crests, an evident furrow as a deep depression, and finely reticulate convex surfaces. The validation of these new species is supported further by analyses of the β-tubulin, calmodulin and actin gene sequences.

Ten species of Aspergillus isolated from soil samples collected from different locations in the Indian Himalayan region have been studied for their growth requirements and tricalcium phosphate solubilization at different temperatures. The Aspergillus species could grow at low temperature and tolerated a wide range of pH. Phosphate solubilization by various Aspergillus species ranged between 374lg/ml (A. candidus) to 1394μg/ml (A. niger) at 28˚C, 33μg/ml (A. fumigatus) to 2354μg/ml (A. niger) at 21˚C, 93μg/ml (A. fumigatus) to 1452μg/ml (A. niger) at 14˚C, and 21μg/ml (A. wentii) to 83μg/ml (A. niger) at 9˚C. At 21 and 28˚C, phosphate solubilization showed a decrease within 4 weeks of incubation, whereas at 9˚C and 14˚C, it continued further up to 6 weeks of incubation. In general, phosphate solubilization by different Aspergillus species was recorded at a maximum of 28˚C or 21˚C; biomass production was favored at 21˚C or 14˚C. Conversely, A. nidulans and A. sydowii exhibited maximum phosphate solubilization at 14˚C and produced maximum biomass at 21˚C. Data suggest that suboptimal conditions (higher or lower temperature) for fungal growth and biomass production were optimal for the production of metabolites involved in phosphate solubilization. Significant negative correlations were obtained between pH and phosphate solubilization for eight species at 28˚C, for seven at 21˚C, and for nine at 14˚C. Extracellular phosphatase activity was exhibited only in case of A. niger, whreas intracellular phosphatase activity was detected in all species, the maximum being in A. niger. Statistically significant positive or negative correlations were obtained between phosphate solubilization and other parameters in most cases at different temperatures.

The efficiency of gene targeting by integration through homologous recombination (homologous integration, HI) in the human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans remains unsatisfactory. In order to achieve a much more efficient gene targeting system in C. neoformans, a new double knockout strain in genes involved in the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway was constructed. HI frequency was elevated by as much as approximately fivefold in the single or double knockout strains in NHEJ genes, and the frequency depended on the gene targeted. None of the NHEJ gene knockouts showed significant differences in regular growth, sensitivity to DNA-damaging drugs or UV, and virulence compared to the wild-type control, suggesting that the NHEJ pathway does not play a significant role in these biological stresses in C. neoformans. It was also suggested that the genes analyzed in this study are components of a single NHEJ pathway, as the mutants (including the double mutant) displayed the same phenotypes.

This study obtained information on the biogeographical distribution of lignicolous myxomycetes in temperate regions in Japan. It examined how climatic variables are related to patterns of occurrence in myxomycete communities. Sixty-four taxa were recorded on coniferous wood in 15 forest sites in summer. Common species that were abundant and widely distributed in Japan included Stemonitis axifera, Lycogala epidendrum, and Cribraria cancellata. In addition, Lindbladia cribrarioides was characteristic on dead Pinus densiflora wood in southwestern Japan. The species diversity index (H’) of the myxomycete communities was positively correlated with the annual mean temperature. The distribution of myxomycete communities was analyzed using nonmultidimensional scaling (NMDS). The ecological nature of the gradients expressed by the first two NMDS axes was that the first axis was found to correspond strongly to changes in the average minimum temperature and the latitude, and the second axis was related to a complex of factors, including altitude. The relative abundance of certain species in a myxomycete community on Japanese red pine changed in relation to the annual mean temperature, e.g., Lycogala epidendrum correlated negatively while Stemonitopsis hyperopta did so positively. We conclude that air temperatures can be used to predict the geographical distribution of lignicolous myxomycetes in this temperate region of Japan.

To clarify the diversity of Astraeus in Japan, 35 collections of Astraeus basidiomata from Japan and Thailand were examined for their morphological characteristics and the nucleotide sequences of the rDNA ITS region and compared with several worldwide Astraeus species. Japanese Astraeus specimens were separated into two groups based on basidiome size, shape of exoperidium, and ornamentation and size of basidiospores. The phylogenetic tree analyses supported the separation, and the morphological groups belonged to different clades. The Japanese Astraeus group 1, morphologically matched to Astraeus hygromerticus var. koreanus, showed the closest phylogenetic relationship with Astraeus hygrometricus from North American and Mediterranean regions, suggesting that the Astraeus group 1 can be indentified as A. hygrometricus var. koreanus. Another Astraeus group, group 2, morphologically matched to A. hygrometricus s.l., showed a distinct monophyletic clade that was separated from A. hygrometricus complexes, indicating an undescribed species.

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) and lychee (Litchi chinensis) are tropical trees in the Sapindaceae that produce delicious edible fruits and are increasingly cultivated in tropical regions. These trees are afflicted with a stem canker disease associated with the ascomycete Dolabra nepheliae. Previously known from Asia and Australia, this fungus was recently reported from Hawaii and Puerto Rico. The sexual and asexual states of Dolabra nepheliae are redescribed and illustrated. In addition, the ITS and large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal DNA plus fragments from the genes RPB2, TEF1, and the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit were sequenced for three isolates of D. nepheliae and compared with other sequences of ascomycetes. It was determined that D. nepheliae represents a new lineage within the Eurotiomycetes allied with Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, the causal agent of Petri grapevine decline.

This study was undertaken to improve understanding of the phylogenetic position of pathogenic fungi implicated in the oak wilt in Japan. Sequences were obtained from three regions of partial nuclear ribosomal DNA of 25 isolates of Raffaelea quercivora including an ex-type strain, all of which were collected from seven areas of disease outbreak. All the isolates formed one clear clade with high bootstrap values, distinctly delimited from the closest species, R. montetyi. These results indicate that the R. quercivora is phylogenetically a well-defined taxon.

Roridin E is a well-known macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin possessing potent antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines. 12'-Hydroxyroridin E was isolated from a marine-derived fungus, Myrothecium roridum 98F42. The cytotoxicities of these two compounds were tested against human monocytic THP-1, human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60, and Chinese hamster V79 cells, and roridin E exhibited more than 1000-fold stronger cytotoxicity than its 12’-OH derivative; therefore, it was suggested that the 12'-position is closely involved in the cytotoxicity of these compounds.

Pythium grandisporangium was isolated from roots of common reed and seawater in a saline marsh in Osaka Bay for the first time in Japan. Morphological features and rDNA ITS sequences were described on isolates of the species. The isolates grew on corn meal agar containing 0–9% sea salts, with 1–3% being the ideal range for growth. The isolates produced no disease on roots of common reed, but they colonized root surfaces in in vitro inoculation studies.