It has become a grave concern that science and technology skills, especially in information and electronic technology have been decreasing. Further, the number of applicants for the Civil Service in the areas of science or technology has also been decreasing, while at the same time, the number of engineers who get jobs in non-industrial fields has been increasing. Some enterprises try to find researchers in foreign institutes - a shortsighted measure on how to deal with his problem. It is urgent to train researchers who have the ability to attain excellent achievements in fundamental research. Six suggestions are given on how to solve this problem: (1) Children should be educated respecting their individualities. (2) parents should regard university education not as a way to become wealthy or to attain a social position, but to enable the students to perform creative achievements. (3) Guidance for entering universities should be take into consideration not only the marks of the students but also their preference. (4) Besides training to become experts in given fields, students should be given an education to develop their creativities, to stimulate them into pursuing interdisciplinary research, and to train their communication techniques to make themselves understood by others. (5) The pertinent government officers should communicate with the teaching staff that directly train students. (6) Enterprises should welcome researchers who are experts, offering high positions to them, and becoming positive about the adoption of doctors.

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Our age is seen as being characterized by the dominance of various advanced technologies and their related innovations in the fields of microelectronics, new materials and biotechnology. This paper examines how high-technology innovations will change the structure of industries and that of the technologies themselves as well as the related resources that will be needed, and discusses steps to cope with this need. High-technology innovations shorten the path from science to technology with software technology playing a large note in facilitating the transition. To cope with the need for human resources in order to meet the ongoing and foreseen technology changes, the following measures are suggested:(1) continuous re-education; (2) accruing the specialization of the organizations devoted to the education of engineers and diversifying the contents of this education; (3) employing mid-career staff on a regular basis, encouraging the training of women engineers, and resorting to foreign staff; (4) improving personnel administration and the treatment given to engineers.

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In Japan, no manpower policy on science and technology has been implemented since World War II. The only exception has been the program that aimed at increasing the number of students in the faculties of science and engineering in the late '50s. This program was based on the demand of the economy at the time. American manpower policy from the late '50s to the early '60s was, on the contrary, implemented on the basis of demands concerning national security. Lately, in both countries, the importance of the educational system is increasingly seen from the perspective of industrial competitiveness. The main concern, however, of the new manpower policies for the training of scientists and engineers being discussed is to meet the foreseen shortage of software engineers. The chief aim of the manpower policy under discussion of in Japan is to create a more diversified pool of human resources in science and technology. In the USA, however, the emphasis is rather on obtaining a more homogeneous, well -balanced pool. It is, so to speak, as if in Japan the trend is from homogeneity to diversification, whereas diversification to homogeneity. It is from in America. Further a point being widely discussed in Japan, is that the training of abilities at school to conceptualize will prove to be the key to producing creative scientists and engineers.

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This is a survey of the restructuring of engineering education in U.S.. It will be a good guide to the long-term and strategic consideration of engineering education in Japan. At present U.S. is enthusiastic in restructuring engineering education, for it believes that technological strength is above all needed to regain it's power in international competition. The outline of the restructuring is shown I the report presented to the President by Business-Higher Education Forum, in which it argues that the cooperation of business and education, especially the positive perticipation of enterprises is effective. E. Bloch, the director of National Science Foundation (NSF), says that basic research and education should be emphasized to gain competitive strength. NSR has established Engineer Department and carries in effect Engineer Research Center, Presidential Young Investigator Awarded, Business Innovation Research Program, and so on. As for higher education organs, the referred source is the report by Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), The American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE), and the National Academy of Engineering (NAE). In this report such subjects as reorganization of university curriculum, preparedness of lifelong education are taken up.

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Engineers must play the roles of technical specialist and technical manager. Therefore, five to seven years after graduation from school, they need to pursue studies in engineering management. In America, various programs have been set up at colleges to meet this need. In contact with the MBA program, the Engineering Management (EM) program focuses on the management of applied technology. At present more than one hundred colleges all over the USA have EM programs. It may also be noted that various entities such as the IEEA have also dealt with it. For instance, Dr. Kocaoglu, the chief editor of IEEA Transactions on Engineering Management, introduced a new curriculum at Portland State University. As for Japanese engineers, they only receive technical education at college, having therefore to master engineering management once on the job. Whenever the current system in Japan is evaluated, the American experience regarding the provision of engineering management education should be taken into consideration.

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We can expect the engineering education's environment in Japan to change as follows: (1) Japan will move from being the manufacturing plant of the world to being the laboratory of the world, (2) The purpose of R&D will move from ``how to do it '' to ``what to do'', (3) R&D will be increasingly internationalized and researchers will have to face international competition. On the basis of these movements, five aims as well as five ways to achieve them are suggested. The aims are: (1) to provide excellent researchers to support ``the world laboratory'', (2) to respond to the worldwide demand for highly skilled people, (3) to provide internationally available education, (4) to train researchers for advanced technology fields, (5) and to provide general human education. Five ways to improve the present situation and achieve these aims are also suggested: (1) to establish doctor courses corresponding to the new fields, (2) to provide systematic education at the master's and doctor's level, (3) to allocate more resources to the graduate schools, (4) to introduce an evaluation system for the graduate schools, and (5) to provide under graduates with basic knowledge rather than with highly specialized subjects, avoiding the division of undergraduate departments into specialized ones. These are the suggestions being made for universities in Japan to survive in the international arena.

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Today, Japan is becoming a highly intelligent society thanks to the rapid development of information engineering. Due o the rapid development of the information industry, however, is has gradually run short of information engineers. Further the U.S. is currently reinforcing the protection of intellectual property. It has become urgent for Japan therefore to train people to become information engineers. Thus, The Ministry of International Trade and Industry, The Ministry of Postal Services, The Ministry of Labor, and some local self-governing bodies are proposing training plans. The number of Japanese information engineers equals that of the U.S.. But they are qualitatively inferior to them. Japan is above all running short of highly skilled engineers who can program OS for instructors of higher educational institutes. This is due to Japanese software education programs existing in higher educational institutes. In comparison with the U.S., it is obvious that Japan has too few instructors and students and poor curriculum as far as software education is concerned. Moreover, sectionalism in universities prevents interdisciplinary development of computer science. As a solution, it is suggested that base information universities be established, thereby attempting to effectively utilize the few available instructors and avoiding sectionalism. Hopefully these universities would also educate the higher engineers that would become instructors at other universities.

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One of the most important problems for any company is to develop its human resources. This paper proposes that the human development system at work within NEC corporation be adopted in order to take advantage of interdisciplinary technological fields. NEC aims at training engineers why are not only good in their specializations but who also have a deep knowledge of other neighbouring fields. The company propounds four developments ideals: on-the job development, off-the job development, self-development, and organization development.

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The Information-oriented industry section of the Council for Industrial Structure analyzed the current state of and the problems concerning the fostering of training manpower for informatization tasks, described the foreseen future situation regarding software engineers, and gave some suggestions for the smooth training of manpower. At present, special education schools are training programmers, and intra-corporation education is being provided to train system engineers. As for ``information literacy'', we are at a lower level than Europe and America, because of the low diffusion of personal computers in schools. There is anxiety about a looming software crisis, due to the supply of software being unable to catch up with the demand as a result of the current shortage of system engineers and programmers. Some suggestions are given on how to deal with such impending crisis: (1) the education of software engineers at universities and special education schools should be improved, (2) the education environment should also be improved (eg. by establishing an organization to promote information-process education), and (3) the government should give incentives for intra-corporation education. In the meantime, the following policies should be implemented immediately: (i) establish an information university, and (ii) improve the examination for information-processing licenses.

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The plan and programing for fostering of information engineers are described. Following it, 1.5〜2 million engineers will be fostered during 12 years in Japan.

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This paper introduces methods of estimation of demand and supply of researchers and engineers, to which aim it surveys cases of estimations done in Japan. Governmental institutions estimated demand and supply of researchers and engineers eighteen times since 1957. Most cases of estimation followed a manpower requirements approach, which consists in programming the expansion of educational institutions based on the social requirements of higher education graduates. There is also the social requirements approach, which estimates both supply and demand in the labor market. These approaches bear on influence on the actual to estimation cases, for example, a new method estimate the supply of researchers and engineers, or the job transfer rate. Historically, the labor market in Japan plays an important role in adjusting the demand and supply of researchers and engineers. But, the market may fail, for example, by allowing investment in a given area. It is necessary therefore to develop a more efficient researchers and engineers supply program.

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