Japanese Journal of Food Chemistry and Safety
Online ISSN : 2189-6445
Print ISSN : 1341-2094
ISSN-L : 1341-2094
Volume 2, Issue 1
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
Regular articles
  • Kyoko Sato, Yukihiro Goda, Tamio Maitani
    Article type: Article
    1995 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 1-5
    Published: October 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: December 01, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Thirteen kinds of commercial color additives containing anthocyanin were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All colorants, except blueberry color, were distinguishable one another by their anthocyanin profiles. Since two blueberry products differed from each other in the anthocyanin profile, the characteristic profile of blueberry color was not determined. The anthocyanin profiles of colorants and juice concentrates related to the additives have been reported by other workers. Our chromatographic profiles of black currant, boysenberry, elderberry, hibiscus, purple corn, and purple sweet potato were consistent with those of other workers, while the profiles of 5 color additives (grape juice, grape skin, strawberry, perilla, and red cabbage) were different from those reported. In the case of grape juice and grape skin colorants, the variety in plant source would account for the differences. In other cases, alterations of anthocyanin in the production processes of the color additives seem to responsible for the differences. These findings suggest that discrimination among commercial color additives containing anthocyanin would be difficult in some cases.
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  • Hakuei Hisano, Kanji Ishimaru, Hiromi Tada, Yoshihiro Ikeda
    Article type: Article
    1995 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 6-8
    Published: October 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: December 01, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Flavors of heliotrope flowers were analyzed by Solid Phase Microextraction Method (SPME) equipped with GC-MS. The major volatiles identified were benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate and p-anisaldehyde. This method (SPME) is suitable for the microanalysis of flavors which readily catabolize in short time.
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  • Kyoji Yoshino, Minae Aoki, Hirotoshi Ikeya, Chihiro Urashima, Isao Tom ...
    Article type: Article
    1995 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 9-13
    Published: October 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: December 01, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The colors of the infusions of tea products except green tea are brown. The brown pigments in four kinds of teas; oolong-, black-, real black- (microbial-fermented teas), and roasted-teas, were separated through Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and examined in details by making a comparison with the elution profiles of black tea theaflavins and thearubigins shown in Fig. 1. In oolong teas, large peaks of thearubigin-like pigments were observed. In black teas, a large peak of theaflavin-like one was eluted, through the elution pattern of only Chinese black tea was similar to those of oolong tea. In real black teas, the first peak of thearubigin-like pigment was the highest in all of peaks. In roasted teas, some small peaks of brown pigments like thearubigins were observed. These patterns are summarized in Fig. 2. It was found that this analytical method could discriminate these teas conveniently by their elution patterns of the pigments.
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  • Yukio Takii, Maki Tomita, Mikayo Ueda
    Article type: Article
    1995 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 14-16
    Published: October 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: December 01, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A set of Escherichia coli transformants containing plasmid pUC119 with Thermomonospora sp. MIB201 DNA inserts larger than 2.0-kb was prepared. The transformants were screened for the ability to hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) and pectic acid. Of these, the gene for coding for an alpha-glucosidase (pNPG hydrolase) has been cloned in E. coli and localized to a 3.0-kb Ban II fragment of DNA. The gene was transcribed, presumably from its own promoter, in E. coli . The E. coli cells with this hybrid plasmid accumulated glucosidase mainly in the cytoplasm. Cloning of pectinase gene from the actinomycete is also discussed.
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  • Hiroyasu Yamazaki, Takako Yamaguchi, Kyohei Hosono, Yasuo Kakiuchi
    Article type: Article
    1995 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 17-20
    Published: October 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: December 01, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present study has been carried out to investigate the effect of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, butyl p-hydroxybenzoate and sodium dehydroacetate, preservatives used as food additives in Japan, at ADI levels on cell functions both in vitro and ex vivo. Washed platelets from rabbit were used and the magnitude of A-23187 and thromobin induced TXB2 synthesis in the presence or absence of preservatives were used as a marker of the effects. Among preservatives used, butyl p-hydroxybenzoate had strong inhibitory effects on both agonists induced TXB2 synthesis in vitro, and significant inhibitory effect on thrombin induced one ex vivo. In contrast, sodium bensoate had relatively weak inhibitory effects on thrombin induced TXB2 synthesis in vitro, but it inhibited thrombin induced one very significantly ex vivo. These results suggest that continuous intake of butyl p-hydroxybenzoate and especially sodium benzoate at ADI level might affect platelet functions.
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  • Yukio Takizawa, Fujiko Hirasawa, Shiro Uesugi, Junsuke Yamashita, Hiro ...
    Article type: Article
    1995 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 21-35
    Published: October 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: December 01, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    The antimicrobial activity of silver ions has been well known for a long time. Products in which zeolite ions are replaced with silver ions - taking advantage of the ease with which zeolite ions can be exchanged in this way - are used in simple water purifying equipment, for example. In recent years, moreover, they have also been adapted for use as plastic additives for use in the manufacture of a growing range of products including kitchen utensils, hospital pencils and telephone ear and mouthpieces - a class of goods now generally referred to as antimicrobial goods. Other applications as indirect additives for use, for example, in the manufacture of containers designed to prevent food from going off are also currently under consideration. In light to the above, the authors decided to examine the growing use of zeolites with silver content in the manufacture of household equipment from the point of view of the possible effects of such equipment on public health. To this end, and in strict adherence to the international rules of experimentation, we carried out a series of experiments designed to evaluate the long-term toxicity and carcinogenic characteristics of this type of product. For the purpose of our experiments, we selected silver, zinc and ammonium composite substitute type A zeolites with high silver and zinc content. The average silver content of the materials used was 2.6% and the average zinc content 14.5%. We tested the selected materials on 600 four week old B6C3F1 mice (300 males and 300 females) and on 700 four week old Fischer 344 rats (350 males and 350 females). We monitored the groups by selecting and dissecting 10 animals from each group at the end of the third, sixth and 12th month. The rest was used as the breeding group for a period of 24 months. THe doses for the experimental groups were determined in accordance with experiments on the subchronic toxicity of silver composite zeolites which were carried out separately. The mice were divided into three dose groups which were administered 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.9% dose levels respectively of the test substance mixed in with their feed. The rats were divided into four experimental groups which were similarly administered doses of 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.1% and 0.3% of the test substance, respectively. The results of our experiments are summarized below. 1. In terms of factors such as survival rates and weight change, there was no observable difference between the control and experimental groups of both mice and rats and similar control group (0%) of mice and rats. There was equally no significant change observed in the general physiological condition of the rats and mice in the control and experimental group. However, although increases in body weight were found to be inhibited in the medium and high dose male mice, in all the male rat groups and in the highest dose female rat group throughout the experimental period, a simultaneous tendency towards long-term reduction of the amount of intake was observed only in the male rats during their fastest growth phases. The tendency amongst rodents that have taken in large amounts of silver and zinc over long periods to reduce intake and so to suffer growth retardation has, in fact, been previously reported (see Figure 1-1, 1-2, 2-1, 3-1, 3-2, 4-1 and 4-2). 2. In clinical biochemical tests on the rats' serum, there was little evidence of changes in the rats' serum protein and albumin levels and pathological tests showed no evidence whatsoever of organic change in the form, for example, of inflammation or decidua of the intestinal membranes. Although a tendency to anemia was identified in the medium and high dose male mice and also in the highest dose female rats, there was no evidence of an increase in thrombocytes or of abnormalities in the shapes of the red blood cells. In the case of animals that were given zinc orally, the ensuing competition

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  • Norio Muto, Minako Tazawa, Norio Itoh, Keiichi Tanaka
    Article type: Article
    1995 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 36-41
    Published: October 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: December 01, 2017
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    The activity and expression of cytochrome P450 in the small intestine were investigated in mice and rats treated with piperine, a flavouring and spicy food additive. During the experiments, the animals were maintained on a purified diet to avoid the simultaneous influence by dietary components. Piperine remarkably enhanced cytochrome P450 (CYP)-catalyzed 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD) activity in the small intestine of mice treated with the oral dose of 50 mg/kg/day for 3 days. The enhanced ECOD activity was the highest on 1 day after the final administration, followed by rapid reduction to basal level after 3 days. The immunoblotting analyses demonstrated that this increase of enzyme activity was exactly due to the induction of specific expression of CYPIA subfamily, which is responsible for ECOD activity. More effective induction was demonstrated in the small intestine of piperine-administered rats and the effective inhibition of ECOD activity in vitro was also observed in rats. These findings suggest that piperine belongs to a group of P450 inducers which show a biphasic effect. From these results, it is concluded that piperine is a CYPIA-specific inducer in the small intestine as well as in the liver, which may modulate the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme systems at the site of a primary portal of entry to the systemic circulation. It is most important to elucidate the P450-inducing abilities of various food additives in the gastrointestinal mucosa.
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  • Hiroko Ichiki, Yoshie Tobimatu, Yuko Takata, Chizuko Nakayama, Chifumi ...
    Article type: Article
    1995 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 42-45
    Published: October 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: December 01, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    For the search of food allergen, and to quantitate the allergenicity of each allergen, we established a mouse model based on the fall of blood pressure, which is characteristic of anaphylaxis. Using this model, 15 kinds of food samples were examined their allergenecities. As shown in Fig 1, mackerel as well as egg white, milk and soybean were potent allergens as in human cases. It is very interesting that the allergenicity of egg white could be significantly reduced as demonstrated in the case of whole egg, suggesting that some suppressive factors work in controlling allergenicity.
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  • Fujiko Hirasawa, Yukio Takizawa, Tatuo Yamamoto, Masashi Uchida, Yasuo ...
    Article type: Article
    1995 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 46-50
    Published: October 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: December 01, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Silver-containing zeolite, which is natural or synthesized zeolite processed by ion exchange with silver, has an antimicrobial nature. Because of its long-lasting antibacterial activity, this substance is widely used as a plastic additive for structural parts of kitchen utensils, household electrical appliances, toilet seats and telephone handsets. With its antibacterial activity and character of filter medium, this substance is also suitable for use in simple water purification systems, and its practical use in this field is now being expected. Although silver-containing zeolite is non-carcinogenic, it has chronic toxicity, with the acceptable daily intake being calculated as 11 mg/kg・day for type A zeolite processed by silver-zinc-ammonium complex substitution. When used in water-purifying devices, silver-containing zeolite comes in direct contact with water. Therfore, serious attention from the viewpoint of public health should be paid to the possibility of elution of silver or other substituent factors and zeolite components. In this connection, we carried out elution tests of silver-containing zeolite itself, plastic products containing this type of zeolite as an additive and silver utensils. The amounts of cations of silver and other factors eluted from silver mordenite (Table 3), silver-ammonium mordenite (Table 4) and silver-zinc-ammonium type A zeolite (Table 5) immersed in 1L of water for 24 hours were determined. The types of water tested were purified water and tap water supplied in Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya. The tap water varied in cation content according to the location (Table 2), with the total cation level being highest, 2.95 meq/L in Tokyo (Table 9). Elution of silver was always under the detection limit of 0.01 ppm, except that a trace amount of silver was detected with silver-containing mordenites immersed in the tap water of Tokyo. Zinc and ammonium were eluted increasingly, to a maximum concentration of 0.59 ppm and 5.2 ppm, respectively, as the total cation level in water increased. The mechanism of their elution was considered to be substitution by other cations present in tap water. There was not even any trace amout of eluted silver when zinc coexisted, suggesting that substiturion by inhibited the elution of silver. Concentrations of silica, aluminum and sodium in eluate were the same as those in original tap water, indicating that zeolite itself was not eluted. The allowable concentration of silver in tap water was set at 0.05 mg/L in the former Soviet Union. The corresponding standard for zinc is 1 mg/L in Japan. Elution of silver from plastic products with silver-containing zeolite and silver utensils was under the detection limit of 0.01 mg/L (Tables 6 and 7). There was also no elution of silver in tap water on flow tests (2L/min) (Table 8). Thus, silver was found to be firmly bound to zeolite in the silver-containing zeolite examined. Elution of silver was very slight if any, and was suggested to be related to the order of selectivity in ion exchange. The coexistence of harmless substituent cations which are at lower ranks in selectivity than silver seems to be effective for securely inhibiting the elution of silver.
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  • Tsugio Baba, Shigeru Morita, Takiko Sugita, Hajime Ishiwata
    Article type: Article
    1995 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 51-53
    Published: October 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: December 01, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Lead and cadmium released from ceramic tableware were determined by extracting with 4% acetic acid at 25℃ for 24hr. Lead was detected in the extracts from 44 of 83 samples tested and cadmium in 26. The mean, maximum and minimum values of leachable lead were 0.48, 8.78, and 0.00 μg/cm2 of the inner surface area of the sample, and those of leachable cadmium were 0.01, 0.25, and 0.00 μg/cm2, respectively. Lead was released from 16 of 54 glazed samples and from all of 29 non-glazed ones, and the mean values were 0.04 μg/cm2 for the former and 1.28 μg/cm2 for the latter. Cadmium was detected from 9 of 54 glazed samples and from 17 of 29 non-glazed ones, and the mean values were 0.00 μg/cm2 for the former and 0.03 μg/cm2 for the latter. In one of 83 samples, 7.37 ppm lead was detected in the extract, which was higher than the limit, 5 ppm, set by regulations. Seventy-eight percent (57 of 73 samples) of the deep articles (more than 2.5 cm in depth) had leachable lead less than the FDA's proposal of 0.1 ppm.
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  • Tomoko Yada, Masanori Semma, Masahiro Ishibashi, Teiko Osawa, Yasuko M ...
    Article type: Article
    1995 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 54-63
    Published: October 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: December 01, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Safe ranges for intake of food additives are expressed as ADIs (acceptable daily intake, in units of mg of additive/day/kg of body weight). An actual study of personal daily intakes of various types of food additives by Japanese people makes comparisons with the ADI possible, thus confirming whether intakes are within safe levels. The authors have surveyed the daily intakes of 47 types of Group A food additives (additives not normally present as constituents in foodstuffs), by age group, food group and area. The total daily intake of additives was found to be highest in adults, followed by school age children and the elderly (table 4). Intake of Group A food additives per 100g of foodstuffs was found to be highest in school age children. In all age groups, the additive ingested in greatest quantity was propylene glycol (a quality preserver), followed by sorbic acid (a preservative) (table 4, fig. 1). Intake among adults and school age children was high in group 4 (seafood and meat) and group 2 (cereals). A different intake pattern was found among the elderly, however. In all age groups, intake in group 4 was high due to the sorbic acid, while intake by adults and school age children was high in group 2 due to proplylene glycol (tables 5-, figs 2-4). In all age groups, food additive intake was higher in Western Japan than in Eastern and Central regions, due to a higher intake of propylene glycol in the West (table, 8, fig 5). The highest level of consumption relative to of the ADI was found in school age children's intake of polypropylene glycol, at 5.9%, followed by polypropylene glycol in adults (4.0%), and sorbic acid in schoolchildren (3.4%). However all of these levels were low relative to the ADI (table 9).
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  • Tomomi Koh, Tomoko Yada, Yoshie Tobimatsu, Natsuyo Hamasaki, Yoshiko T ...
    Article type: Article
    1995 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 64-68
    Published: October 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: December 01, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Daily intake of food coal-tar dyes were determined by HPLC for the samples prepared from the processed foods purchased in Japan. As shown in Table 1, total daily intake of the food coal-tar dyes in 1994 was 0.9 mg/day. About 61% of the total intake were supplied from No. 7 of the group of processed foods, involving fruits, vegetables and seawoods. The largest intake in 12 food coal-tar dyes was shown to be the food yellow No. 4 (tartazine), the intake of which 0.63 mg/day corresponded to 0.17% of ADI. Comparison of the daily intake of the food dyes in the three different areas of Japan revealed that people living in the western area of Japan consumed twice as much food dyes as those in the eastern area of Japan. In a series of the study from 1991 through 1995 as shown Table 2, another comparison of the daily intake of the food dyes exhibited that adult (1991 and 1995) consumed more food dyes than elder (1994) or young (1992).
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