When Cryptococcus neoformans was grown in yeast nitrogen base (YNB) supplemented with 0.5% glucose, the medium was acidified to below pH 3 during the exponential growth phase, which caused early growth-phase death in susceptible strains. Even in resistant strains, 30-70% cells died if incubated for 2 d in YNB supplemented with 1.5% glucose, whereas the remaining cells survived long. Two types of fatal alterations have been observed in dead cells. In the first type, release of cytoplasm occurred through weakened parts of the cell wall; structures attached to cell walls of dead cells were shown to be rich in proteins by FITC staining, indicating their cytoplasmic origin. In the second type, cells shrank distinctly with no sign of wall rupture. The shrinkage may be due to dysfunction of the plasma membrane at low pH. The mechanism of cell survival in medium below pH 3 was also examined. Aniline blue alone, or calcofluor together with methylene blue, allowed cell wall glucan or chitin and dead cell cytoplasm to be stained simultaneously. In the later stages of incubation, cells showing bright staining for cell wall glucan and chitin emerged. These changes in cell wall synthesis could be considered as an adaptation mechanism to acidification of the medium, because such cells survived longer than cells showing no change in the cell wall staining pattern.