The objectives of prosthetic treatment are diverse, ranging from esthetic recovery and functional improvement to contributing to general health. Implant treatment is now widely established as one of the prosthetic treatments for missing dentition and is expected to have a good long-term prognosis. Compared to conventional fixed and/or removable dentures, implant prostheses are the most preferable prosthetic treatment in terms of tooth preparation and the burden on adjacent teeth. Subjective evaluations such as patient satisfaction and oral health-related quality of life, as well as objective evaluations such as masticatory performance, occlusal force, and prognosis such as success and/or survival rate of prostheses, have been used as treatment outcomes after prosthetic treatment for missing dentition. On the other hand, scientific evidence focusing on the impact of prosthetic treatment on the prognosis of remaining teeth is still limited. Therefore, we conducted a literature review on how prosthetic dental treatment contributes to preventing the expansion of missing dentition. The results suggested that 1) there is an increasing number of scientific papers examining the impact of prosthetic treatment on preventing the progression of defects, 2) prosthetic dental treatment using partial dentures, which was thought to be disadvantageous in terms of preventing the progression of missing dentition, actually contributes significantly to preventing an expansion of missing dentition, 3) a fixed implant prosthesis can contribute to preventing an expansion of missing dentition more than a fixed prosthesis or removable partial denture, and 4) the prognosis of remaining teeth is influenced by not the type of prosthesis but other factors such as a history of root canal treatment, crown-root ratio, number of occlusal supports, and so on. These findings indicate the necessity of carefully considering the long-term effects on human health when selecting the type of prosthesis.