Human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) have the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts. It has been emphasized that MSC should be used for osseointegrated dental implant therapy. It has been reported that insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP-2) were useful for osteoporosis through increase of bone mineral density. Although the actions of IGF-II and IGFBP-2 have been studied, differentiation of hMSC into osteoblasts is poorly understood. To identify genes involved in the commitment of hMSC differentiation into osteoblasts, gene-expression changes were examined in hMSC cultured with osteogenic induction medium using the Affymetrix Gene Chip analysis system. As expected, IGF-II and IGFBP-2 mRNA levels were elevated during the differentiation process. Furthermore, those gene expression changes were successfully confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and endpoint-PCR. Thus, gene expression profiling of in vitro differentiation cultures of hMSC using Gene Chip analysis should be useful for defining the lineage-specific differentiation of hMSC into osteoblasts. Since the stimulation of differentiation and transplantation of hMSC will be useful and a significant approach for the development of bone tissue regeneration, our findings suggest a novel anabolic treatment using IGF-II/IGFBP-2 for dental implant therapies.