The bond behavior between steel member and carbon fiber sheet is subject to variations based on construction conditions, such as surface preparation methods and curing temperatures. However, there exists considerable uncertainty regarding how these conditions affect the bonding characteristics of carbon fiber sheets, thereby posing challenges in determining the optimal design and construction parameters for reinforcement methods. This study conducted a comparative analysis of four surface treatment methods to assess their effects on the surface properties and adhesive properties of steel substrates. It was also examined the shear strength between steel plates and composite materials. Besides, the study delved into aspects such as the hardening rate, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and fiber penetration of the impregnation resin under different environmental temperatures. Furthermore, an initial isothermal curing model of epoxy resin was constructed, while the vitrification process related to thermal history was speculated. The enhancement brought by the post-curing process on the diverse material properties of epoxy resin was evaluated. The insights of this study have the potential to significantly enhance the bond performance of steel members strengthened with CFRP materials.