About 150years ago, Dr. Griesinger has proposed that mental illness is a brain disease(“Geisteskrankheiten sind Gehirnkrankheiten”). This famous thesis would lead that the pathogenesis of psychiatric disease had been investigated eagerly as “brain pathology” from point of neuropsychiatry coordinating the neurology and the psychiatry centered in Germany. It has been confronted with the difficulty to clarify the etiology of so called endogenous psychosis from the clinico-neuropathological approach. In this decade, the technique progression of neuroimaging has revealed the changing of brain morphology or molecular biological approach has discovered some candidate gene in these endogenous psychoses. Nowadays, the convergence from many approaches of investigating the pathogenesis of mental illness might be interpretable of the clinical phenomena based on the observation of brain organ or/and tissue.