Using uniform nano-channels of aluminum anodic oxide film as a template, uniform and unique multiwalled carbon nanotubes can be synthesized with a selectivity of 100%. This technique allows one to precisely control the diameters and the length of nanotubes. Moreover, this method makes them possible to chemically-modify only the inner surface of carbon nanotubes and to prepare carbon nanotubes with double coaxial structure of heteroatom-doped multiwalls. Metal or metal oxide filled nanotubes can also be synthesized by this method and highly-crystallized inorganic nano-rods or nano-ribbons cab be fabricated using the cavity of the carbon-coated nano-channels as a reaction field. In addition to one dimensional nano-carbons like carbon nanotubes, unique nano-porous carbon can be prepared by the template technique. Micro and mesoporous carbons with surprisingly regular ordering can be synthesized using zeolite and mesoporous silica templates, respectively. In this review, we introduce such template-mediated approach and highlight how useful and versatile the template technique is for the production of nano-carbons.