The questionnaire survey was conducted in the 3 villages (M, S and B) in Naiman Qi, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. These villages are located in Horqin Desert and have typical characteristics of the semiarid region. Information about the actual situation of inhabitants was collected by the questionnaire survey. On the basis of income, the inhabitants of each village were classified into 3 layers. The relationship between an income structure and an investment was analyzed. According to this analysis, advisable land use and farming-and-stockbreeding system were discussed. From a viewpoint of environmental economics, sustainable land use in desertificated region was also discussed. According to an income structure, stockbreeding was mainly carried on in M Village, farming mainly in B Village and a mixture of farming and stockbreeding in S Village. From a viewpoint of investment and income, in S Village, the income of stockbreeding was equivalent to the total income of agriculture and sideline and the investment in production was effective. This suggests that land productivity in the S Village is higher than that in other villages, and that management strategies, such as advisable land use and a mixture of farming and stockbreeding, of S villagers were more effective than those of other villagers. These also suggest that harmonizing a compound system of socioeconomic and nature is important for sustainable development in a semiarid region.