Most automated analysis methods related to biosignal-based human Emotions collect their data using multiple physiological signals, long-term physiological signals, or both. However, this restricts their ability to identify Emotions in an efficient manner. This study classifies evoked Emotions based on two types of single, short-term physiological signals: electrocardiograms (ECGs) and galvanic skin responses (GSRs) respectively. Estimated recognition times are also recorded and analyzed. First, we perform experiments using film excerpts selected to elicit target Emotions that include anger, grief, fear, happiness, and calmness; ECG and GSR signals are collected during these experiments. Next, a wavelet transform is applied to process the truncated ECG data, and a Butterworth filter is applied to process the truncated GSR signals, in order to extract the required features. Finally, the five different Emotion types are classified by employing an artificial neural network (ANN) based on the two signals. Average classification accuracy rates of 89.14% and 82.29% were achieved in the experiments using ECG data and GSR data, respectively. In addition, the total time required for feature extraction and emotional classification did not exceed 0.15 s for either ECG or GSR signals.