In the present study, we discuss the possibilities of studying and practicing communication to promote health with a perspective based on evolutionary biology. According to this viewpoint, human behaviors have proximate and ultimate factors. Although health communication research have focused on proximate factors using behavior change theories and models, proximate factors are only a part of the complex of factors influencing human behavior. To study human behavior entirely, ultimate factors should also be considered. Human minds and behaviors have evolved through natural selection to solve problems associated with survival and reproduction. Humans have needs for survival and reproduction, and by inference, social cooperation and competition. These are the fundamental needs pertaining to the level of ultimate factors for humans. Studies of modularity of mind and dual-process theories of cognitive functioning have shown that fundamental needs affect decision making and behavior. Based on these previous studies, we propose what and how to communicate to support individual and community decisions that enhance health, and implications for cancer control.