The Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus) on Shikoku Island is recognized as endangered because of its small population size. We assessed the genetic identity of bears on Shikoku using hairs collected from hair-traps, and investigated home ranges by radiotelemetry. Three hair-traps were set between May 2003 and December 2005, and DNA was extracted from the collected hairs. Then, we determined the genotypes of ten microsatellite regions using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sex was determined from the genotypes of the amelogenin region. We set live-traps between July and September 2005, and captured two males and one female. The home ranges of the captured bears were investigated using very-high-frequency (VHF) radiotelemetry. Thirty-six hair samples were collected from the hair-traps. Over 8 of the 10 loci were amplified successfully in 17 of 36 hair samples. In these 17 hair samples, the genotypes of one and two samples were identical to those of the two captured male bears, respectively. Four hair samples were associated with one unidentified individual. No hair samples were associated with the captured female. We believe that hair-trap sampling is a practical method for assessing the genetic identity of bears.